Compensation and Benefits Plan Free Essays

Pay and Benefits Plan November 20, 2011 Compensation and Benefits Plan In this accommodation Learning Team B (LTB) underpins and develops one group member’s proposition to include a school therapist at Manzano Day School in Albuquerque, New Mexico to fill an operational hole. LTB plots a proposition for remuneration and advantages plan that addresses the issues of the representative and the association. In particular, the proposition suggests and legitimizes a methodology for direct compensation, impetuses, security and medical advantages, pay for time not worked, and worker administrations; in addition, it distinguishes any impediments or potential safe in executing each suggested approach. We will compose a custom exposition test on Pay and Benefits Plan or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Direct Pay When building up a set salaray for the situation of School Pshcycologist at Monzano Day school. One must think about the socioeconomics and examination of different schools in the territory. For a long time New Mexico government funded schools have been positioned most exceedingly terrible in the nation because of congestion, absence of financing, absence of staff, absence of assets and corupt conduct. When looking at the compensation scale for a school therapist working for the Albuquerque Public School(APS) framework a person with a PhD. in Pschology begins at a yearly pay of $54,000 (www. aps. edu/HR/compensation plans/pay rates/a4-pay plan) which depends on a 208 days (8hrs/day) work calendar and afterward is balanced by long stretches of understanding and different abilities as indicated by an evaluation step in pay. Manzano Day School would coordinate the equivalent payscale and reviewing as the state funded schools offer, notwithstanding non quanitative motivating forces as little study hall sizes, large number of assets, adaquate subsidizing for instruction and a solid help from the network, top managerial staff and organization. Motivating forces Nonprofit authoritative objectives vary from revenue driven firms and require various sorts of pioneers and prize frameworks. Powerlessness to appropriate benefits precludes benefit sharing, increase sharing, and stock-proprietorship motivation plans (Roomkin Weisbrod, 1999). Firms are progressively sing variable-pay frameworks, for example, pay-for-execution intends to control expenses and increment worker productivity (Cascio, 2010). Such a framework is certifiably not a solid match for the school clinician since it would almost certainly decrease natural inspiration and could impact target disappointment (Bregn, 2010). The significant reason for a school therapist is â€Å"to accomplish positive results for understudies and systems† (Shriberg, Satchwell, McArdle, James, 2010, p. 8). Position exercises don't have sole impact over results making it hard to distinguish conditions to meet to accomplish a predetermined reward motivator (Bregn, 2010). The adjustment in social, passionate, or mental results is hard to target, measure, and prize (Roomkin Weisbrod, 1999). At the point when the connection among execution and prizes are feeble, the legitimacy pay framework falls flat (Cascio, 2010). The school clinician is a proposed change specialist who drives the charge â€Å"toward positive finishes for youngsters, families, schools, and communities† (Shriberg et al, 2010, p. 20). Along these lines, worker inclusion in dynamic, strengthening, acknowledgment, preparing openings, and offerance of a steady sustaining organization culture are significant nonfinancial prizes (Cascio, 2010). Manzano Day School works nine schedule months every year; giving the school analyst a year pay is an interesting yet practical motivating force that will enable the organization to pull in the correct competitor and upgrade their activity fulfillment. Another characteristic motivation that delivers similar impacts is free educational cost for the school psychologist’s kids on the off chance that the individual in question has any. Security and Health Benefits †¦ Randa’s part†¦ Pay for Time Not Worked †¦ Lacy’s part†¦ Employee Services The Age Discrimination in Employment Act expects bosses to offer a similar gathering medical coverage to each worker regardless of what age they are. Bosses offer a wide assortment of advantages. For organizations to be effective in the serious work showcase, firms are reasonable when offering advantages to representatives. This year is the main year managers are offering local accomplice benefits paying little heed to the person’s sexual direction and conjugal status (Casico, 2010). For a long time insurance agencies just paid out advantages to wedded couples of a similar sex, but since of the assorted variety of the work showcase, firms are as a rule increasingly various. As per the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 29 % of private segment laborers, and 33% of neighborhood and state government laborers have medicinal services benefits for household accomplices of a similar sex. The advantages change, contingent upon the business and worker attributes, and whether the household accomplice is of the equivalent or other gender (Bureau, 2011). In March 2011, the Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed paid leave advantages to be the biggest accessible advantage offered by bosses, and businesses offers 91 % of paid advantages to all day laborers in private industry (Bureau, 2011). Representatives offer other work life advantages, for example, Elder consideration, youngster reception, on location childcare, financed childcare, the capacity to change over days off into individual days, and adaptable work routine (Casico, 2010). Advantages are significant and individuals are submitting more to organizations as a result of the advantages. End Ultimately†¦ need to include some summed up felt that ties the paper together†¦ LTB plot the remuneration and advantages plan proposition for a school analyst position at the Manzano Day School in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In particular, the proposition suggested and defended a methodology for direct compensation, motivations, security and medical advantages, pay for time not worked, and representative administrations; besides, it distinguished any deterrents or potential safe in executing the suggested approach. References: Bregn, K. (2010). The Logic of the New Pay Systems Revisited-in the Light of Experimental and Behavioral Economics. Universal Journal Of Public Administration, 33(4), 161-168. doi:10. 1080/01900690903304175 Bureau of Labor Statistics (2011), Employee Benefits in the United States, Retrieved November 17, 2011 from http://www. ls. gov/news. discharge/ebs2. nr0. htm Cascio, W. F. (2010). Overseeing HR: Productivity, nature of work life, benefits (eighth ed. ) Roomkin, M. J. , Weisbrod, B. A. (1999). Administrative Compensation and Incentives in For-Profit and Nonprofit Hospitals. Diary Of Law, Economics, Organization, 15(3), 750-781. Shriberg, D. , Satchwell, M. , McArdle, L. , James, J. (2010). An Exploration of School Psychologists’ Beliefs About Effective Leadership Practice in School Psychology. School Psychology Forum, 4(4), 8-21. Step by step instructions to refer to Compensation and Benefits Plan, Papers

Project Proposal Bcs free essay sample

This task work is on a nearby design house that plans to arrive at national and global buyer base. An internet business empowered site gives a perfect answer for associations with such objectives in the most practical way. Foundation Tanin Fashion Limited is a generally new garments and clothing business situated in Middlesex, England. Starting mid 2012, they right now serve both corporate and retail shoppers in the household and universal market. Universal purchasers at present needs to process arranges through telephone and email and approaches the constrained data gave on the static site www. aninfasion. co. uk, which additionally has a noteworthy overhead to keep up. The proprietors are searching for a unique request handling framework much like the high road design retailers and furthermore incorporate a CRM arrangement if conceivable. Notwithstanding the customer confronting dynamic part of online business, the executives might want to arrangement for some interior robotization s which would permit age of custom reports, permit incorporation of existing information and have the option to make reinforcements and exportable data with required least specialized multifaceted nature for everyday activities and upkeep. We will compose a custom paper test on Undertaking Proposal Bcs or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Proposed Solution This venture work expects to give a total answer for the present prerequisites of Tanin Fasion Ltd fusing the information and range of abilities picked up all through the different courses of this degree. The last deliverable would be an easy to understand dynamic internet business arrangement with extra different highlights toward the back for the executives and friends workers to utilize. The venture will actualize a 3-level methodology utilizing PHP as the programming language and MySQL in back end as database which will store client data, item stock, deals records and different other information. JavaScript, HTML, CSS, Flash will be executed in the front end. Despite the fact that this might be a little scope application which may just be compelled by the restricted time span accessible, different methods accessible from System Analysis and Design, Software Engineering, Database Management, Principles of Internet Technologies, Web Engineering and so forth courses are executed. Destinations and Key highlights: * Design another interface (not from layout) which is easy to use and instinctive. Recognizing, choosing and getting proper web administrations * Designing and actualize an easy to use shopping basket * Implementing an assortment of made sure about installment checkout (Credit Cards, Paypal and so on) techniques * Provide online structures for inputs and discernible correspondence * Provide RSS and bulletins channels * Separate item, client and shipper databases * Auto age of week by week and month to month gives an account of different marketing projections according to prerequisites gave by the board. * SEO enhancement * Multi level administrator accounts Easy to oversee and keep up Milestones and Deliverables * Final Project Proposal * Current business information assortment, prerequisite assortment and documentation * Analysis of information, change of necessities in to functionalities * Development of the site * Testing assessment variant * Demonstrating assessment form, introducing * Implementing input and bug fixing * Final usage * Documentation for customer * Final Project report Below is the Gantt diagram for this venture: Actual Word Count: 509

Debs, Eugene Victor

Debs, Eugene Victor Debs, Eugene Victor, 1855â€"1926, American Socialist leader, b. Terre Haute, Ind. Leaving high school to work in the railroad shops in Terre Haute, he became a railroad fireman (1871) and organized (1875) a local of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. In 1880 he became national secretary and treasurer of the brotherhood, and in 1884 he was elected to the Indiana legislature. He resigned (1892) from the brotherhood and launched (1893), instead of a trade union, an industrial union to include all railroad workers, the American Railway Union, of which he became president. After a successful strike against the Great Northern RR, the American Railway Union participated (1894) in the Pullman strike by refusing to service Pullman cars. An injunction, however, was served against the strikers and federal troops, sent to Illinois by President Cleveland over the protest of Illinois governor John P. Altgeld , broke the strike. Debs and others were convicted of violating the injunction a nd sentenced to a six-month jail term. While in prison, Debs read widely, including socialist works, and he later became a Socialist. In 1898, he helped form the Social Democratic party (renamed the Socialist party in 1901; again renamed Social Democratic in 1972) and was its presidential candidate in 1900, with 96,000 votes nationally, and in 1904, with 402,000 votes. He became editor of the Socialist weekly Appeal to Reason and lectured widely. After 1900, he grew more bitter in his attacks on trade unionism and more vehement in advocating the organization of labor by industries. He helped to found (1905) the Industrial Workers of the World , but soon withdrew from the movement. Debs was again the Socialist candidate for president in 1908 and 1912. During World War I, the Socialist party refused to take part in the government war effort and in 1918 Debs, a leading pacifist, was sentenced to a 10-year prison term for publicly denouncing the government's prosecution of persons charged with sedition under the Espionage Act of 1917. Although still in a federal penitentiary, he was Socialist candidate for President in 1920 and gathered nearly 920,000 votes. He was released (1921) by order of President Harding. But his health was broken, and he accomplished little in his last years, although he was widely revered as a martyr for his principles. See studies by H. W. Morgan (1962, repr. 1973), H. W. Currie (1976), N. Salvatore (1982), A. M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. (1989), M. Young (ed. by C. Ruas, 1999), and E. Freeberg (2008). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Capital Punishment And The Death Penalty - 1708 Words

Capital punishment has been around for centuries taking the life of guilty convicts to bring justice to the people. However, many people see the death penalty as a brutal action which no human should have to face, guilty or innocent. After the death penalty travelled around the world, it became very popular in America leading to many Supreme Court cases and protests. Endlessly, people have argued their viewpoints about whether the death penalty is constitutional in relation to the 8th amendment which states no â€Å"cruel or unusual† punishment. Politicians from every state including Harry Reid and Nancy Pelosi, have commented their personal views on the death penalty making it a very public dispute. Capital punishment is a very popular subject to debate over, and still a very prominent issue America is facing today. The death penalty has been around since the 18th century BC, rumored to start by King Hammurabi of Babylon. He once spoke the famous words, â€Å"an eye for an e ye†, which indicated equal punishments for equal actions. Other countries understood the wisdom and fairness of his words and adopted the death penalty as their own. The Romans executed capital punishment in gruesome ways such as, drowning and burning alive. After a few more centuries, Britain became very pro-death penalty giving it out to crimes such as stealing or cutting down a tree. Hanging was their main way of execution, and over 100 crimes were eligible to receive the death penalty. However in the 20thShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) Capital punishment is the ability for a governmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment931 Words   |  4 Pageswritten down (Robert). The death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. Historically, the death sentence was often handled with torture, and executions, except that it was done in public. In this century, the death penalty, execution or capital punishment, whatever you’d like to refer it as, is the result for committing capital crimes or capital offences and it is not in public. The death penalty has been practiced byRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1410 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment in America In 1976 the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled the Death Penalty constitutionally permissible. The debate over capital punishment has always been a topic of great controversy. Before the Supreme Court ruling in 1976 America had been practicing capital punishment for centuries. At the current time some states enforce the death penalty, while some do not. There are differences of opinion’s relating to whether or not the death penalty is the proper wayRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your having a normal morning, eating breakfast doing your normal routine. Suddenly your phone rings and when you answer you hear the worst news possible. One of your family members has just been murdered in cold blood. You cry, mourn, then become angry. You attend the court hearing and you sit less than 20 feet away from the murderer. Do you truly believe this person deserves to live? Or should they face a punishment that is equal to their crime? Some may say CapitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty also referred to as capital punishment. The death penalty is both useless and harmful to not only criminals but also their potential victims. This paper uses these horrific facts to try and convince the reader that the death penalty should be done away with before it is too late, although that time may have already come. With supporting evidence to support my cause, I hope that the following information sways at least one reader to see the harm of keeping the death penalty an activeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Why do people support it, but yet people cherish lives? Is it a moral thing to do? Should one be for or against the Death Penalty? Let’s take a look deep into the world of justices and why capital punishment still exists in today’s society. Capital punishment or the death penalty is a feder al punishment given to criminals who are convicted of murders. It is the highest law punishment available that can prevent future murders by developing fear within them. Capital punishmentRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesName: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. Amnesty International reports that there are 140 countries worldwide that have abolished the death penalty, while over 50 countries stillRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Capital Punishment1271 Words   |  6 Pages What is the death penalty? The death penalty is a capital punishment that is punishable by death or execution. This is usually given to people that have committed serious offences or capital crimes. There are 31 states in the United States that are for the death penalty. Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty, vary from state to state. Examples of such crimes are; first degree murder or premeditated murder, murder with special circumstances, such as: intende d, multiple, and murder whichRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å"[e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18Read MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crim e. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminals

Effects of Changing Times on Families Explained in The...

The Changing American Family by Cris Beam and The American Family Is No More by Allie Bidwell. Both of these articles are explaining how the traditional American family has changed and that there is no traditional American family anymore. These articles all explain how times have changed and families are growing more diverse and no longer follow the trends the once followed. While the article by Cris Beam was more based of statistics and how much things have changed, Allie Bidwells article still had the same bottom line main idea. Both authors’ views were essentially the same and made the same arguments. In The Changing American Family by Cris Beam he uses statistics to show how the changes have changed so drastically. These†¦show more content†¦In my life at the beginning you would be able to say my family had â€Å" The Traditional American Family† my mother and father were together raising two children, one boy and one girl, a dog in a nice house in the suburbs. But like most other families apparently, my parents divorced, my father remarried and my mom raised us. I live my life day-to-day not really thinking about the changes that are going on around me every day, before reading this article I would have never even thought twice about this actually being a thing. In a way there’s nothing you can not really do about something like this, nor is there a reason to do something about this. People are living the lives the way they want with the people they want, or don’t want. It definitely sparked something in me making me interested on why, why people are acting differently, what has changed making this so much different from 40 years ago. This whole situation has always made me, while dating and meeting people want someone I will be with my whole life. This â€Å"Traditional American Family† almost brainwashed you to think that’s how your family is supposed to be, but in all reality it’s not. The Traditional American Family, it can mean anything honestly. What it was perceived from back in the 60s to what it is today there may not be a norm but a tradition

Is the Best Yet to Come Free Essays

When the problem inside is detected and removed than the external environment can turn back Into stable stage of development. The consultants at McKinney Company suggested to analyses the organization using 7 key elements: ; Structure ; Systems ; Style ; staff ; Skills ; Strategy ; Shared values. [Pl] Source: http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Best Yet to Come or any similar topic only for you Order Now Middleton. Com/pages/article/newest_91 . HTML As model includes next items: ; Structure: shows the way organization Is structured and Interrelation of business units with each other. It indicates how employees interact with each other within the organization. ; Systems: the practices in which employees participate day-to-day, e. G. Organizational systems, financial systems etc. ; Style: description of the general way of conducting business within the company. Style is rather top-down image than bottom up concerning the top-management ruling the company and analyzing the attitude of deferent level employees on It. ; Staff: refers to the employees within personal development. ; Skills: refers to gained professional abilities of employees within the company. Strategy: the general plan of company’s management to induct its business currently and in the future. Strategy usually is made by corporate level managers to analyze the internal and external environment of the company and respond to changing demand within its specific industry. ; Shared values: refers to the core values of the company, for what it is created and what mission it has in society. In additi on there are also ethics principles serving as the guidelines for the company. Now we will analyze Struck based on McKinney As framework. 1 . Structure The general structure of Struck is very diversified and functional, basically including marketing, HER, CARS, Legal, and Finance etc. Figure 2. Struck’ structure [pick] Source: http://MBA. Tuck. Dartmouth. Deed/PDF/2002-1-0023. PDF Generally speaking, the structure of Struck doesn’t have strict hierarchy and is rather democratic. According to the case, full-time and part-time employees regarded as ‘partners of the company, and every one of them is granted a stock option in proportion to their base pay. In 1991 each partner was granted stock options worth 12% of base pay, and this continued then each October every year. In general the organizational structure is build in order to avoid high turnover rate and reduce staff retention as much as possible. The motivation of employees is high, and Struck’ turnover for store management is about 25%, compared to about 50% for other retail channels. 2. Systems Struck developed outstanding system techniques which helped sustain the leading position in the world among coffee-makers. Its unique system includes: ; Licenses stores and specialty sales licensing agreement, which managed market and distributing whole-bean and round coffees in grocery and mass-merchandise channels across the U. S. At the same time Struck controlled how customers would perceive Struck when they encountered it in grocery aisles. The company also created its own sales group that provided its coffee products to restaurants, airlines, hotels, universities, hospitals, business offices, country clubs and select retailers. ; Purchasing system Struck personnel traveled to coffee-producing countries to build relationships with growers and exporters, searching the sources that would meet its demands on quality and flavor. Because coffee industry depends a lot on weather conditions and different harvests, Struck set up fixed purchasing price to protect itself and get the bargaining power. ; Employee training Struck really believes that reducing the staff retention will help it to build strong brand, because the longer employees stay with the company, the more loyal customers the company will get. That’s why employees were trained and educated about coffee market, and afterwards shared their knowledge with customers. Thus Struck has developed system to build brand loyalty among its customers. Their raining covered also practices as set forth in the company’s operating manual, information systems, and the basis of managing people. 3. Style The managerial style of conducting business in Struck is characterized as oriented on leadership (trust, collaboration, people development, and ethics), creating the opportunities for employees further career development (employees provided with coaching and feedback) and educating style (company raised employees according to personal needs giving them coffee knowledge and expertise seminars). In general Struck is perceived as innovative, team-oriented and strong rand company. 4. Staff As long as Struck expanded internationally, company launched special hired high-motivated people who shared its love for coffee and had strong interest in it along with top-management. This has made Struck really unique and distinctive from its competitors company. In addition employees were guided by three principles: 1) maintain and enhance self-esteem 2) listen and acknowledge 3) ask for help. Thus employees became one of key figures to take part in company’s decision and empowered by top-management. The whole total care of employees has rough Struck reputation of well-respected company and helped it generate high-profit to satisfy shareholders’ needs. 5. Skills The workers of company are quite high skilful due to intensive training and recognition. Every partner/barista received at least 24 hours of training on coffee history, drinks preparation, customer service, coffee knowledge and so on. Customer service: we can see from the case that due to the employee coaching highly knowledgeable staff brought benefit to the company using friendly attitude to every customer, who wanted to come again and again to enjoy a cup of coffee in Struck. Customizing drink to customer specifications: workers were able to prepare grinding beans, steaming milk, learning to pull perfect cup of espresso, memorizing the recipes of different drinks – led to winning the prize among the target market. . Strategy Struck strategy was set up in order to build brand awareness, brand recognition, and brand association among its customers worldwide. Hence main strategies were implemented: A. Employee’s loyalty strategy: core strategy to win employee loyalty and commitment to company’s mission B. Store expansion strategy: choosing the best action in large cities and suburbia, creating best retail team in the coffee bar industry. World expansion has spread to Europe, China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan by 2005 by choosing licensing rather than franchising to tight controlling over its operations. C. Coffee purchasing strategy: Struck relied mostly on direct suppliers from coffee-producing countries rather than on media-suppliers, that helped to reduce costs and make economies of scale D. JP and acquisitions strategy: partnering with famous brands as PepsiCo, Dryer’s Grand Ice Cream Brands generated gross sales of over $8 million annually. Purchasing Ethos Water lead to expanding the line of beverages in the U. S. Overall operations has driven extremely high profit for Struck that achieved its strategic objectives. 7. Shared values Struck positions itself as contributing to the community and to the environment in which it operates. Along with care for employees, building trust and respecting techniques, it also set up one of the best valuable CARS strategy in the world, becoming an environmental leader in all facets of its business. For example using recycling material, avoiding genetically modified ingredients Struck has built a strong belief of customers in healthy products produced by the company. General As analysis shows that Struck doesn’t have any gaps in every sector of McKinney model. The company has very good top-down and bottom-up strategies, ensuring well-being of top-managers, customers and employees. But this analysis is mostly suitable for internal analysis of a company that helps to understand problems, which might appear when industry environment starts to change. How to cite Is the Best Yet to Come, Papers

Rizal and Other Heroes free essay sample

Joss Racial was a Filipino polymath, nationalist and the most prominent advocate for reforms in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era and its eventual independence from Spain. He is considered a national hero and the anniversary of Racals death is commemorated as a Philippine holiday called Racial Day. Racals 1896 military trial and execution made him a martyr of the Philippine Revolution.He is the seventh of eleven children born to a middle class family in the town of Callable, Laguna, Racial attended the Atone Municipal De Manila and then traveled alone to Madrid, Spain where he tidied medicine at the universal Central De Madrid, earning the degree of Licentiate in Medicine. He attended the University of Paris and earned a second doctorate at the the University Of Heidelberg. Racial was a polyglot conversant in at least ten languages. He was a prolific poet, essayist, diarist, correspondent, and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels, Noel me T anger and El Filibusterers. We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal and Other Heroes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These are social commentaries on the Philippines that formed the nucleus of literature that inspired dissent among peaceful reformists and spurred the militancy of armed revolutionaries against 333 years of Spanish rule. As a political figure, Racial was the founder of La Alga Filipino, a civic organization that subsequently gave birth to the Justinian led by Boniface and Continual. He was a proponent of institutional reforms by peaceful means rather than by violent revolution. The general consensus among Racial scholars, however, attributed his martyred death as the catalyst that precipitated the Philippine Revolution.Andrea Boniface was the son of Santiago Boniface and Catalina De Castro on November 30, 1863. Andrea Boniface only finished primary school because at a young age of 14, his parents have died and he was forced to stop his tidies and take care of his younger brothers and sisters. He worked as a messenger of Fleming and Company and since his earnings there was insufficient; he moved to Foresee and Company and worked as an agent there. Despite his lack of proper education, he studied on his own through reading. He likes to write poetry and also became as a moor-moor stage actor.He became a passionate Filipino nationalist and when Jose Racial had established the La Alga Filipino, Andrea Boniface was a member. When Jose Racial was deported to Adaptation, he immediately organized the ASK or the Stagnating Egalitarianism Justinian Eng mega knack Eng banyan. ASK had quickly spread to different parts of the country in 1894 and in May of 1896, he felt like he could lead a successful revolution but before he could set out his plans; the secret society was discovered by the Spanish authorities.In Pagan Lawn, Cloacae, Andrea Boniface together with the thousands of Stationeries assembled and tore their cedillas. He had formed an assembly in Testers, Cavity to establish the Republic of the Philippines. Emilio Continual was elected as the first president of the Philippines while Andrea Boniface was elected as Secretary of the Interior. Since he did not have a good educational background, his qualifications were questioned by Daniel Tirana. He was offended by this and declared the election to be void. He then moved to Manic, Cavity to create his own government and formed his own army.While Andrea Boniface was in Manic, Emilio Continual and his forces gained more success and control over some towns. When Andrea Boniface left Manic, Emilio Continual ordered for his arrest but Boniface resisted the arrest and he was tried in court and was sentenced to death by the military tribunal. Andrea Boniface was executed in Marooned, Cavity by Emilio Gondolas en on May 10, 1897. Today, Andrea Boniface is being regarded as a National Hero and Boniface Day is being celebrated every 30th of November in honor of his heroism.Application Mamboing was a Filipino political philosopher and revolutionary. He wrote the constitution for the first Philippine republic of 1899-1901 and served as the first prime minister in 1899. He has been called the Brains of the Revolution. Another moniker is the Sublime Paralytic because he was paralyzed by polio. His most popular work is his Decoupage for Filipinos. Emilio Jack onto, who gave light to the Justinian, as born in Torso, Manila to Marino Action, a bookkeeper, and Josef Dijon. Despite the familys acute financial conditions, Action received a good education.In 1894, at the age of 1 9, he joined the Justinian where Boniface befriended him. To Boniface, Action was the Soul of the society. In the Justinian elections of December 31, 1895, Action, only a pre-law student in the university of Santos Tomato, was elected fiscal or number b. vow man in the Supreme Council. His enthusiasm, ideals and spirit soon guided the course of the secret revolutionary society. He wrote the Sartorially Eng Justinian (Primer of the Justinian), and the oath of membership, which served as guiding principles of the Stationeries.CONCLUSION: Racial, Boniface, Mamboing and Action were all Filipino leaders, nationalists, political and social commentators who helped our country to rise and to build our own nation and culture. They considered to be a rare comet who indeed shines as a guiding stars for us students. They were an individual, Malay, who embodied a noble spirit and a great mind who used it for the liberation of the powerless and poor. They enhance the hope of inspiring others to imitate they great and passionate drive.

Quest for Personal Identity in Toni Morrisons The Essays

Quest for Personal Identity in Toni Morrison's The Essays Quest for Personal Identity in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye English Quest for Personal Identity in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye Post World War I, many new opportunities were given to the growing and expanding group of African Americans living in the North. Almost 500,00 African Americans moved to the northern states between 1910 and 1920. This was the beginning of a continuing migration northward. More than 1,500,000 blacks went north in the 1930's and 2,500,00 in the 1940's. Life in the North was very hard for African Americans. Race riots, limited housing resulting in slum housing, and restricted job opportunities were only a few of the many hardships that the African American people had to face at this time. Families often had to separate, social agencies were overcrowded with people that all needed help, crime rates increased and many other resulting problems ensued. The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison takes place during this time period. A main theme in this novel is the "quest for individual identity and the influences of the family and community in that quest" (Trescott). This theme is present throughout the novel and evident in many of the characters. Pecola Breedlove, Cholly Breedlove, and Pauline Breedlove and are all embodiments of this quest for identity, as well as symbols of the quest of many of the Black northern newcomers of that time. The Breedlove family is a group of people under the same roof, a family by name only. Cholly (the father) is a constantly drunk and abusive man. His abusive manner is apparent towards his wife Pauline physically and towards his daughter Pecola sexually. Pauline is a "mammy" to a white family and continues to favor them over her biological family. Pecola is a little black girl with low self esteem. The world has led her to believe that she is ugly and that the epitome of "beautiful" requires blue eyes. Therefore every night she prays that she will wake up with blue eyes. Brought up as a poor unwanted girl, Pecola Breedlove desires the acceptance and love of society. The image of "Shirley Temple beauty" surrounds her. In her mind, if she was to be beautiful, people would finally love and accept her. The idea that blue eyes are a necessity for beauty has been imprinted on Pecola her whole life. "If [I] looked different, beautiful, maybe Cholly would be different, and Mrs. Breedlove too. Maybe they would say, 'Why look at pretty eyed Pecola. We mustn't do bad things in front of those pretty [blue] eyes'" (Morrison 46). Many people have helped imprint this ideal of beauty on her. Mr. Yacowbski as a symbol for the rest of society's norm, treats her as if she were invisible. "He does not see her, because for him there is nothing to see. How can a fifty-two-year-old white immigrant storekeeper... see a little black girl?" (Morrison 48). Her classmates also have an effect on her. They seem to think that because she is not beautiful, she is not worth anything except as the focal point of their mockery. "Black e mo. Black e mo. Yadaddsleepsnekked. Black e mo black e mo ya dadd sleeps nekked. Black e mo..." (Morrison 65). Shouted by her classmates on such a regular basis, this scorn seemed not to penetrate anymore. As if it were not bad enough being ridiculed by children her own age, adults also had to mock her. Geraldine, a colored woman, who refused to tolerate "niggers", happened to walk in while Pecola was in her house. "'Get out,' she said her voice quiet. 'You nasty little black bitch. Get out of my house'" (Morrison 92). By having an adult point out to her that she really was a "nasty" little girl, it seems all the more true. Pecola was never able to get away from this kind of ridicule. At home she was put through the same thing, if not worse because her family members were the ones who were supposed to love her. Her mother was not able conceal her obvious affection towards a white girl over her. One day as Pecola was visiting her mother at the home where she is working, Pecola accidentally knocked over a blueberry pie. Obviously burned by the hot pastry, her mother completely ignored Pecola's feelings of pain and instead tended to the comforting of her white "daughter". "'Crazy foo...my floor, mess ...look what you...get on out...crazy...crazy...my floor , my floor....' Her words were hotter and darker than the smoking berries. The little [white] girl in pink started to

The History of the Ashikaga Shogunate

The History of the Ashikaga Shogunate Between 1336 and 1573, the Ashikaga Shogunate ruled Japan. However, it was not a strong central governing force, and in fact, the Ashikaga Bakufu witnessed the rise of powerful daimyo all around the country. These regional lords reigned over their domains with very little interference or influence from the shogun in Kyoto.   The Beginning of Ashikaga Rule The first century of Ashikaga rule is distinguished by a flowering of culture and the arts, including Noh drama, as well as the popularization of Zen Buddhism. By the later Ashikaga period, Japan had descended into the chaos of the Sengoku period, with different daimyo battling one another for territory and power in a century-long civil war. The roots of Ashikaga power go back even before the Kamakura period (1185 - 1334), which preceded the Ashikaga shogunate. During the Kamakura era, Japan was ruled by a branch of the ancient Taira clan, which lost the Genpei War (1180 - 1185) to the Minamoto clan, but managed to seize power anyway. The Ashikaga, in turn, was a branch of the Minamoto clan. In 1336, Ashikaga Takauji overthrew the Kamakura shogunate, in effect defeating the Taira once more and returning the Minamoto to power. Ashikaga got his chance in large part thanks to Kublai Khan, the Mongol emperor who founded the Yuan Dynasty in China. Kublai Khans two invasions of Japan, in 1274 and 1281, did not succeed thanks to the miracle of the kamikaze, but they did significantly weaken the Kamakura shogunate. Public dissatisfaction with Kamakura rule gave the Ashikaga clan its chance to overthrow the shogun  and seize power.   In 1336, Ashikaga Takauji established his own shogunate in Kyoto. The Ashikaga Shogunate is also sometimes known as the Muromachi shogunate  because the shoguns palace was in the Muromachi district of Kyoto. From the start, Ashikaga rule was bedeviled by controversy. A disagreement with the Emperor, Go-Daigo, about who would actually have power, led to the emperor being deposed in favor of the Emperor Komyo. Go-Daigo fled south and set up his own rival imperial court. The period between 1336 and 1392 is known as the Northern and Southern Courts era  because Japan had two emperors at the same time. In terms of international relations, the Ashikaga shoguns sent frequent diplomatic and trade missions to Joseon Korea, and also used the daimyo of Tsushima Island as an intermediary. Ashikaga letters were addressed to the king of Korea from the king of Japan, indicating an equal relationship. Japan also carried on an active trade relationship with Ming China, once the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was overthrown in 1368. Chinas Confucian distaste for trade dictated that they disguise the trade as tribute coming from Japan, in exchange for gifts from the Chinese emperor. Both Ashikaga Japan and Joseon Korea established this tributary relationship with Ming China. Japan also traded with Southeast Asia, sending copper, swords, and furs in exchange for exotic woods and spices. The Ashikaga Dynasty Overthrown At home, however, the Ashikaga shoguns were weak.  The clan did not have a large home domain of its own, so it lacked the wealth and power of the Kamakura or the later Tokugawa shoguns. The lasting influence of the Ashikaga era is in the arts and culture of Japan.   During this period, the samurai class enthusiastically embraced Zen Buddhism, which had been imported from China as early as the seventh century. The military elites developed an entire aesthetic based on Zen ideas about beauty, nature, simplicity, and utility. Arts including the tea ceremony, painting, garden design, architecture and interior design, floral arranging, poetry, and Noh theater all developed along Zen lines.   In 1467, the decade-long Onin War broke out. It soon escalated into a nation-wide civil war, with various daimyo fighting for the privilege of naming the next heir to the Ashikaga shogunal throne. Japan erupted into factional fighting; the imperial and shogunal capital of Kyoto burned. The Onin War marked the beginning of the Sengoku, a 100-year period of continual civil war and turmoil. The Ashikaga nominally held onto power until 1573, when warlord Oda Nobunaga overthrew the last shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiaki.  However, Ashikaga power really ended with the start of the Onin War.

Culture, orruption and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture, orruption and Development - Essay Example Culture can be judged by means of religion, lifestyle, literature, music, foods, arts, and architecture, language, fashions, behaviors, rituals, and symbols employed by individuals of a society (Tyler 1974). The culture is shifted from generation to the other generation and keeps on changing (Kroeber and Kluckhohn 1952). The topic, which interests me the most, is the association of culture to the development of society and individuals of a society. Culture is an important part of our lives, which is responsible for shaping our personalities (Dabaghian 1970). It enables us to develop into the individuals as we are. People from different cultures are different because of the different social values that are there because of culture (Tyler 1974). With the help of culture, the development in a society can be judged. With the passage of time, the culture of a society goes through various transactions that are the outcome of change in cultural values because of many reasons (Dabaghian 1970). The reasons that can bring in a change in a culture are an invasion of a country, the impact of global linkage, colonialism and many others (Dabaghian 1970). The change is not necessarily good. The change brought by the intrusion of another culture keeps the ability to annihilate the cultural values of a particular culture or one culture can be amalgamated in another culture and can come out in form of a new culture (Agbaje 1996). While helping a nation in order to develop in terms of technology and advancement, it must be assured that the cultural values of a society are not corrupted because of the technologies (Agbaje 1996). The culture should be retained as such in order to be different or unique.  

Response to the Critical Thinking Exercise Research Paper

Response to the Critical Thinking Exercise - Research Paper Example Though no previous research on these specific methods is available, wound management theories are diverse and available to nurses through Google search, and databases such as PubMed, in deciding which method to use (McManus, 2007, p.9). For example, in chronic wounds some types of methods such as moist wound healing might not work due to the recurrence of necrotic tissues (McManus, 2007, p.10). Thus, literature review on known methods can serve to design the methodology for testing the research question whether some new methods are more efficient than other methods. Moreover, quantifiable study design, samples and data collection techniques can be borrowed from the already existent body of knowledge. Though a nurse might be faced with absence of previous research on a method that arose from nurse’s experience and observations, previous theories can be used to design one’s own experiment and thus scientifically evaluate the efficiency of these

Mummification Essay -- Ancient Egypt

It started thousands of years ago when the first Egyptian was mummified by the natural sand found in the Sahara desert. Mummification is a method of preservation of a dead body. By performing this procedure, it assists the deceased to reach the Afterworld. There are three main methods of mummification, each depending of the wealth of the deceased. In this essay you will discover how pharaohs and high officials were mummified. Once the person has died, he or she is taken to the ibu, also known as the tent of purification. Usually, mummification is performed during nighttime due to the odoured caused by the dead body. When the embalmer is ready to begin the procedure, he first washes the body with water from the Nile. After, he uses an iron hook like device to remove the brain. The embalmer does this by inserting it to the nostril breaking up the cartilage until the hook can reach the brain. Once this procedure is achieved, he removes the brain by crushing it until it becomes watery enough to be drained by laying the person flat on its stomach. The remains of the brain are than ke...

What Are the Different Forms of Literature?

Literature is a form of expression. It is an expression of one's feeling, ideas, emotions, personal experience and imagination. It conveys through a piece of writing that can be valued in the works of art, especially, novels, plays and poems. It is divided into two fictional and non-fictional literatures. Fictional literature is based on imagery writing than reality. It provides information, education and entertainment to the readers. Non-fictional literature is based on reality. It denotes about the facts, real places, real events and character. The world of literature suggests an art form. Works of literature particularly represent a genre. Literature can be varied from one generation to another generation. Great literatures transform the man who reads it towards the man who wrote it. The life of human and nature is explored in the way of literature. The good literature has emotional element, the element of imagination and fancy, the element of composition and style. Literature is an expression of life. It is the man's script of thoughts and emotion. It is characterized by permanent qualities. Every great work comes from an ideal person, to know his ideal record we should read his literature. Literature talks about the ideals of people, love, faith, duty and friendship. Literature can be classified into novel, short story and dramas. The concept of literature varied over time. British literature was considered one of the most widespread literatures in the world. This was the period, which faced lots of inventions and developments in the England. All the developments were influenced by the authors and imitated in their own works. There was also a great development in British literature. England flourished from the year 800 BC. British literature includes the works of old English, middle English and modern English each denoted different periods. The most important events in England were the Germanic invasions. Germanic was followed by Angles and Saxons. Angles and Saxons were established in various parts of the Britain. British literature states about the human and of its experience. It describes about the difficulty of achieving the community. Common people's problems were reflected in the periodicals and newspapers. Humanism became the most important in the life of intellectuals and in the English literature. It was the fundamental quality found in the people of the renaissance period. British literature was bound up with historical shifts of British identity. The most important historical event was the Hundred Year's war, the Black Death this made many writers to write about it. Many people were encouraged to translate Latin works into English. English were recorded in chronicles this was the first historical record. English was wide spread all over the country of England. By the year 1300 English was used by all classes of people. The most common goal of the poet was to make English more flexible. During the fifteenth century English language attained the modern form. Poetry was more essential in the seventh and eighth century of England. Poetic talents were highly valued in the English literature. Heroic couplet, ballad and sonnets were some of the important thing introduced in the English literature. This made the poetry writing even more effectiveness in the literature. The prose of old English has only the English soil and not the Germanic origins. There was a rise in morality play in the fourteenth century. It teaches people about morals and values of human lives. The Canterbury Tales was one of the famous works of Chaucer which reflects the society of England and the real characters who lived in the society. The most remarkable thing in England was the invention of printing press by Caxton in 1476. The invention made a huge development that all the books in the manuscript were changed into printed books. It encouraged writings of all kinds of works and also improved the standardization of English language. The age reason can be divided into three The Restoration Age, The Augustan Age and The Age of Johnson. There was a great development in scientific inventions like navigation, shipbuilding and discoveries of sea route. Queen Elizabeth Age was considered one of the fruitful periods of English history. She made a lot of developments in English history. The Elizabethan literature reflects the new nationalism. Many new genres, themes, ideas were introduced in English literature. Elizabethan literature commonly influenced self-confident and about the expanding of nation powers and increasing the wealth. In the sixteenth and seventeenth century drama was flourished in England in the works of university wits. Jacobean drama started with the drama including the Shakespeare's plays. Drama continued to expand until the theaters were closed. Novels were popular in the Britain. The novels were considered not only the form of entertainment but also means of analyzing and offering solutions social and political problems. The century was ended with gothic novels. The development of poetry, novels and drama attained a great height. It was influenced by the pupil because of the humanism, morality and the historical truth which arouses interest towards the people.

All About the United States Space of the 1960s

In 1961, President John F. Kennedy proclaimed to a Joint Session of Congress that â€Å"this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth.† Thus began the Space Race that would lead us to achieve his goal and be the first to have a person walk on the moon. Historical Background At the conclusion World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were decidedly the world’s major superpowers.  In addition to being engaged in a Cold War, they competed against each other in other ways.  The Space Race was a competition between the U.S. and the Soviets for the exploration of space using satellites and manned spacecraft.  It was also a race to see which superpower could reach the moon first. On May 25, 1961, in requesting between $7 billion and $9 billion for the space program, President Kennedy told Congress that he felt a national goal should be that of sending someone to the moon and getting him back home safely. When President Kennedy requested this additional funding for the space program, the Soviet Union was well ahead of the United States. Many viewed their achievements as a coup not only for the USSR but also for communism. Kennedy knew that he had to restore confidence in the American public and stated that Everything we do and ought to do should be tied in to getting on to the Moon ahead of the Russians... we hope to beat the USSR to demonstrate that instead of being behind by a couple of years, by God, we passed them.† NASA and Project Mercury The United States space program began on October 7, 1958, just six days after the formation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), when its administrator, T. Keith Glennan, announced that they were starting a manned spacecraft program. Its first stepping stone to manned flight, Project Mercury, began that same year and was completed in 1963.  It was the United States first program designed to put men in space and made six manned flights between 1961 and 1963.  The main objectives of Project Mercury were to have an individual orbit around the Earth in a spacecraft, explore a person’s function ability in space, and determine safe recovery techniques of both an astronaut and a spacecraft. On February 28, 1959, NASA launched the United States’ first spy satellite, the Discover 1; and then on August 7, 1959, the Explorer 6 was launched and provided the very first photographs of the Earth from space.  On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space when he made a 15-minute suborbital flight aboard Freedom 7. On February 20, 1962, John Glenn made the first U.S. orbital flight aboard the Mercury 6. Program Gemini The major objective of Program Gemini was to develop some very specific spacecraft and in-flight capabilities in support of the upcoming Apollo Program.  The Gemini program consisted of 12 two-man spacecraft that were designed to orbit the Earth. They were launched between 1964 and 1966, with 10 of the flights being manned.  Gemini was designed to experiment with and test the astronaut’s ability to manually maneuver the spacecraft.  Gemini proved very useful by developing the techniques for orbital docking that would later be crucial for the Apollo series and their lunar landing. In an unmanned flight, NASA launched its first two-seat spacecraft, the Gemini 1, on April 8, 1964. On March 23, 1965, the first two-person crew launched in the Gemini 3 with astronaut Gus Grissom becoming the first man to make two flights in space.  Ed White became the first American astronaut to walk in space on June 3, 1965, aboard the Gemini 4. White maneuvered outside his spacecraft for approximately 20 minutes, which demonstrated an astronaut’s ability to perform necessary tasks while in space. On August 21, 1965, the Gemini 5 launched on an eight-day mission, the longest lasting at the time.  This mission was vital because it proved that both humans and spacecraft were able to endure spaceflight for the amount of time required for a Moon landing and up to a maximum of two weeks in space. Then, on December 15, 1965, the Gemini 6 performed a rendezvous with the Gemini 7.  In March 1966, the Gemini 8, commanded by Neil Armstrong, docked with an Agena rocket, making it the first docking of two spacecraft while on orbit. On November 11, 1966, Gemini 12, piloted by Edwin â€Å"Buzz† Aldrin, became the first manned spacecraft to make a re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere that was automatically controlled. The Gemini program was a success and moved the United States ahead of the Soviet Union in Space Race. Apollo Moon Landing Program The Apollo program resulted in 11 space flights and 12 astronauts walking on the moon.  The astronauts studied the lunar surface and collected moon rocks that could be scientifically studied on Earth.  The first four Apollo Program flights tested the equipment that would be used to successfully land on the moon. Surveyor 1 made the first U.S. soft landing on the Moon on June 2, 1966.  It was an unmanned lunar landing craft that took pictures and gathered data about the moon in order to help prepare NASA for the manned lunar landing. The Soviet Union had actually beat the Americans with this by landing their own unmanned craft on the moon, Luna 9, four months earlier. Tragedy struck on January 27, 1967, when the entire crew of three astronauts, Gus Grissom, Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee, for the Apollo 1 mission suffocated to death from smoke inhalation during a cabin fire while in a launch pad test.  A review board report released on April 5, 1967, identified a number of problems with the Apollo spacecraft, including the use of flammable material and the need for the door latch to be easier to open from the inside. It took until October 9, 1968 to complete the necessary modifications. Two days later, Apollo 7 became the first manned Apollo mission as well as the first time that astronauts were telecast live from space during an 11-day orbit around the Earth.   In December 1968, the Apollo 8 became the first manned spacecraft to orbit the Moon.  Frank Borman and James Lovell (both veterans of the Gemini Project), along with rookie astronaut William Anders, made 10 lunar orbits in a 20-hour time period. On Christmas Eve, they transmitted televised images of the Moon’s lunar surface. In March 1969, the Apollo 9 tested the lunar module and rendezvous and docking while orbiting the Earth. In addition, they tested the full lunar spacewalk suit with its Portable Life Support System outside the Lunar Module. On May 22, 1969, Apollo 10’s Lunar Module, named Snoopy, flew within 8.6 miles of the surface of the Moon.   History was made on July 20, 1969, when the Apollo 11 landed on the moon. Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin landed at the â€Å"Sea of Tranquility†. As Armstrong became the first human to step foot on the Moon, he proclaimed Thats one small step for a man. One giant leap for mankind. Apollo 11 spent a total of 21 hours, 36 minutes on the lunar surface, with 2 hours, 31 minutes spent outside the spacecraft. Astronauts walked on the lunar surface, took photographs, and collected samples from the surface.  The entire time Apollo 11 was on the Moon, there was a continuous feed of black-and-white television back to Earth. On July 24, 1969, President Kennedy’s goal of landing a man on the moon and a safe return to Earth before the end of the decade was realized, but unfortunately, Kennedy was unable to see his dream fulfilled, as he had been assassinated nearly six years earlier.   The crew of the Apollo 11 landed in the Central Pacific Ocean aboard command module Columbia, landing a mere 15 miles from the recovery ship. When the astronauts arrived on the USS Hornet, President Richard M. Nixon was waiting to greet them on their successful return. Manned space missions did not end once this mission was fulfilled. Memorably, the command module of Apollo 13 was ruptured by an explosion on April 13, 1970. The astronauts climbed into the lunar module and saved their lives by doing a slingshot around the Moon in order to speed up their return to Earth. Apollo 15 launched on July 26, 1971, carrying a Lunar Roving Vehicle and enhanced life support to enable the astronauts to better explore the Moon. On December 19, 1972, Apollo 17 returned to Earth after the United States last mission to the Moon. On January 5, 1972, President Richard Nixon announced the birth of the Space Shuttle program â€Å"designed to help transform the space frontier of the 1970s into familiar territory, easily accessible for human endeavor in the 1980s and 90s. This would lead to a new era that would include 135 Space Shuttle missions, ending with the last flight of the Space Shuttle Atlantis on July 21, 2011.