Bipolar Disorder And Mental Health Essay - 851 Words

Everyone has good days and bad days, as some say â€Å"Everyone has their up’s and down’s†. Whether it is good or bad most people can control their moods. Unfortunately, there are people that experience a mood disorder known as Bipolar Disorder. According to the National Institute of Mental Health about one percent of the American population have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Living with a person that has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder is very difficult, especially not knowing anything about bipolar. There are many questions to be asked. Such as what is the disorder? Is bipolar disorder heredity? How is the disorder treated? First of all, Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic-depressive order cause’s shifts in moods, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day to day tasks. According to the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder, â€Å"There are different types of bipolar disorder†. Bipolar I is manic episo des often followed by severe depression or mixed episodes. Some Symptoms of bipolar I are increased energy, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep, increased sex drive, and aggressive behavior. Bipolar I occurs equally in both sexes. Bipolar II is a pattern of major depressive episodes alternating with episodes of hypomania. Females are more likely to have bipolar II. Feeling sad, tired, feeling irritable, helpless, not able concentrate, and thoughts or attempts at suicide are just a few symptoms of bipolar II. Having mild form ofShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder And Mental Health934 Words   |  4 Pages Bipolar Disorder is otherwise known as manic-depressive illness. It is a brain disorder that causes shifts in moods, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out daily tasks. (Cite) These changes in behavior are outside of the norm as most people have ups and downs throughout their daily routines. But those with Bipolar Disorder experience shifts in mood that can be damaging to relationships, as well as their overall school and work performances. (Cite) I chose this disorder as the topicRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health1691 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the National Institute of Mental Health, over 5 million individuals over the age of 18 are affected by bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is an illness that occurs with the brain and causes abnormal shifts in mood and energy. An individual with bipolar disorder will experience many ups and downs. These ups and downs are way different from the ups and downs an individual without the disorder will experience. B ipolar disorder is a lifelong condition and if not noticed, or treated properlyRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health910 Words   |  4 Pagespercent of American’s suffer with bipolar disorder but, unless you know someone who has the disorder or have it yourself you probably cannot define the disorder. Bipolar disorder is defined as a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out daily tasks by the National Institute of Mental Health. Or that is what the current definition for bipolar disorder is. Alan C. Swann in his article What is Bipolar Disorder says that we are far from a rigorousRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health855 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience a mood disorder known as Bipolar Disorder. According to the National Institute of Mental Health about one percent of the American population has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Living with a person that has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder is very difficult, especially not knowing anything about bipolar. There are many questions to be asked. Such as what is the disorder? Is bipolar disorder heredity? How is the disorder treated? First of all, Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic-depressiveRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health755 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder has become more prevalent in the United States, particularly Bipolar Disorder II, which accounts for 30-50% of patients with depression (Thomas Hersen, 2002). Historically bipolar was known as manic depression (Thomas Hersen, 2002). According to National Institute of Mental Health (n. d.) â€Å"Most scientists agree that there is no single cause, rather many factors that act together to produce the illness or increase the risk† (NIMH, n. d.) Some of those factors can be family, workplaceRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health1840 Words   |  8 PagesInstitute of Mental Health (2015), bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that may cause random shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and their ability to perform everyday tasks. There are different types of bipolar episodes; the high, euphoric episodes are known as mania, and the low, miserable episodes are known as depression. The median age, of those who are affected by this illness, is 25 years old. Although, it can start in early childhood, or as late as 50 years old. This mental illness doesRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health Issue1619 Words   |  7 Pages The word â€Å"bipolar† is commonly tossed around in our daily vocabulary to simply describe a person who is overly moody and easily irritated. However, the implications of the mental health issue, that is bipolar disorder, is much more complex than is implied. Bipolar disorder was first discovered in 1851 by French psychiatrist Jean-Pierre Falret who described the condition as â€Å"la folie circulaire† which literally translates to circular insanity (SeddlerRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Mental Health Condition981 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder, or manic-depressive disorder, is a disorder characterized by extreme mood changes. An individual who suffers from this disorder can have extreme highs or extreme lows. They could go from being overly energetic and outgoing to feeling empty, depressed, angry and just completely worthless on a daily, weekly, monthly and or even yearly basis. Diagnosis, dramatic changes in one’s life, and even treatment can have a ser ious effect on an individual that is suffering from Bipolar disorderRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Mental Health Diagnosis797 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder is a mental health diagnosis when a person can experience extremely different moods. It also can affect the brain during the progression of the illness. A person with this diagnosis usually experiences mood changes of extremely high moods/ manic or extremely low moods which look like depression. There are two different types of Bipolar disorders. The first is Bipolar I which is when a person’s mood can go to severe mania or severe depression. The second type is Bipolar II whichRead MoreDepression And Bipolar Disorder : The National Institute Of Mental Health Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesDepression and Bipolar Disorder Whitney Keeton Mr. John Davis Jr., MFA, M. Ed. English Composition 1 - ENC 1101 Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday 6-10 PM Keiser University â€Æ' Depression and Bipolar Disorder The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has stated that depression is a common but serious mood disorder. Depression is also a form of mental illness; that have many different types. Some of the types of depression are as follows: †¢ Persistent depressive disorder †¢ Perinatal depression †¢ Psychotic

The Role of Social Work in Relation to Protecting Children...

The Role of Social Work in Relation to Protecting Children from Sexual Abuse Over the decades the prevalence of child abuse has been phenomenal. Throughout Britain the abuse of children is an issue which is no longer hidden or covered up, not a week goes by where a newspaper doesnt report the beating of a young child, the neglect of another or the arrest of a paedophile. These stories have always existed, from Cleveland to Fred West. The public reacts to these stories, asking why no-one stopped it? Child abuse is a huge arena and so I am going to concentrate on Sexual abuse and I intend to look at what it is that the social worker does in dealing with child sexual abuse. For many, it has taken†¦show more content†¦These acts are referred to as contact abuse. Other non-contact acts such as exposure of the genitals, watching sexual activities take place, either in person or on video, participation in pornographic photos and exposure to erotic magazines are also seen by most as sexual abuse. Any child is a potential victim of sexual abuse, one UK study found that half of all girls and a quarter of all boys will have experienced some form of sexual abuse before the reach their 18th Birthday. (Kelly et al.,1991) In 1995, the NSPCC conducted a survey on child abuse in Britain and found that 1 in 6 adult reported that they had been involved in sexually abusive activities as children. Most children are sexually abused by someone they know, often by someone in their own home. Abusers may be I positions of authority over the child, such as parent, other relatives, carers, teachers, family friends, care workers, the list is endless. They may be abused by siblings or peers or complete strangers. Usually perpetrators act alone when abusing a child, however it is possible in some cases that abuse can take place in groups. In the past sexual abuse has been said to occur mainly in low income, poverty striven and neglectful working class families. However this is not the case, sexualShow MoreRelatedTda2.2 Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People1729 Words   |  7 PagesTDA 2.2 - Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People. 1.1 The Current Key Legislations are as follows - * Children Act 1989 * Education Act 2002 * Sexual Offences Act 2003 * Children Act 2004 - ECM * Health and Safety At Work Act 1974 including e-Safety * Fire Precautions Act 1971 Some of the policies, which would be school or Education specific, of the above legislations are – * Medication Policy * Data Protection * First Aid Policy * Fire PrecautionRead MoreCurrent NI legislation, guidance for safeguarding children (CYP3.3 AC1.1)1140 Words   |  5 Pagesof children and young people. †¢ Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995 This is the principal statute governing the care, upbringing and protection of children in Northern Ireland. It affects all those who work and care for children, whether parents, paid carers or volunteers. The Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995 changed the philosophy and practice of the law in relation to children as it reformed, and brought together, most of the public and private law relating to children in aRead MoreBecoming a Mandated Reporter1229 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 6 Project: Child abuse and what it takes to be a mandated reporter Kaplan University CM 107-27 1. Introduction: A What is a Mandated Reporter B. Profession that are to report child abuse 2. What is child abuse ? A) What are the different types of child abuse? B) Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse Maltreatment and child neglect 3) What are the steps in reporting child abuse A) Keeping it confidential B) State regulation on how to report C) How to deal with parents on notification Read MoreKey Legislation For Children Safe1660 Words   |  7 PagesKey legislation which supports practitioners to keep children safe; †¢ Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 †¢ Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 †¢ Regulation (EC) 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the hygiene of Foodstuffs †¢ Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 †¢ Medicines Act (1968) †¢ Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (1995) (known as RIDDOR) †¢ Care of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amendedRead MoreOutline Current Legislation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People815 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children is defined as: †¢ protecting children from maltreatment †¢ preventing impairment of children’s health or development †¢ ensuring children are growing up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care. â€Å" (Dept for Education www.education.gov.uk) There are numerous laws and guidelines in place which aim to protect children from harm, and promote their health and wellbeing. The need for improved legislation has been highlightedRead MoreIs Sexuality Shaped By Other Social Factors?1628 Words   |  7 Pageshere. Please specify which essay question you are addressing How is sexuality shaped by other social factors? Sexuality does not develop within a vacuum separate to society or politics. All social factors play a role in shaping one another and sexuality is no different. Here sexuality can be loosely defined as a person’s capacity for sexual feelings, sexual identity or preferences and their sexual activity. Secondly, ‘disability’ can be defined loosely as: ‘a physical or mental condition thatRead MoreRights of the Child1178 Words   |  5 Pageseffect to recognise that Children needed their own set of specific human rights that should be protected and that these were a universal right not a privilege. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was drawn up and accepted by the UN in 1989. The UK government agreed to abide by the principles in 1991 and it was fully implemented in 1992. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is the most universally recognised set of standards for protecting the rights of children and numerous countriesRead MoreThe Violence Of Women Abuse1046 Words   |  5 Pagesvery tired and upset from work. He is tired because of the difficulties and annoying boss from his work. Also worried because something is wrong with his car and about the bills he has to pay by the end of the month, he understands that everything is on him. When he gets back, he sees that the dinner is not ready yet and also hears from his wife that about children’s low grades and their misbehavior at school, so he’s out of his mood and starts yelling and beating the children. After a few secondsRead MoreProstitution : A Feminist Perspective1655 Words   |  7 Pagesof the society. Feminism aims at having the world where women and men have an equal share of the privileges, authority, and rights that the society provides. Active Organizations and Individuals Very many organizations and individuals play an active role in discouraging prostitution in the American society. Laurie Shrage is a radical feminist who explains that prostitution degrades females in various forms; for example, female prostitutes are in many cases assaulted by their male clients (Hubbard,Read MoreTDA2.2 – 1.1 – Identify the current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people, including e-safety.4380 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Kay Clark TDA2.2 – 1.1 – Identify the current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people, including e-safety. Within my workplace I am aware of the statutory and regulatory health and safety requirements for pupils, staff, families and visitors in the school. Health and safety legalisation places overall responsibility for health and safety with the employer. However, as an employee working within a school, you also have responsibilities

Summary The war on obesity is a big fat flop Free Essays

Exercise is not a useful way to lose weight, but it strengthen physical activity. After two decades, the war on obesity is still stagnant. Response Joanne Luscious’ (2013) article Poverty making Canadians sick, says report and Margaret Weenie’s article, (2012) The war on obesity is a big fat flop, were written a few years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary The war on obesity is a big fat flop or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both articles focus on healthy issues and believe that poverty cause people’s healthy issues, the government should help people solve that, and it will take a long time to improve. In Johannes article, the difference with Margarita’s is she more follows the issues on children and old people, and she doesn’t discuss only one sickness, but Margaret article focus on one illness that is obesity. Furthermore, Joanne expresses her opinions erectly, she makes her statement which is poverty makes people sick by a report from Canadian Medical Association at the beginning of the article. Like Ottawa, people who are poorer get sick because they buy cheaper fast food instead of expensive nutritious food. Second, there is not supermarket near by their communities. Third, they don’t have a house in fine condition. On the other hand, Margaret also point directly that poverty lead to people get obesity, and both articles believe that environmental facilities in communities have to be developed and people should live in a healthy condition. For example, there should have willable groceries around the neighborhoods, and people can buy healthy food such as beans, vegetables and meat rather than they buy harmful fast food. If people do not live in safe houses, and its might cause more serious issues. They might have mental healthy issues, and it rise suicide rates. Joanne and Margaret think that the government should make policies to help poor people, make sure them access In China, poverty cause the issues more serious than Canada’s, because China is developing country, and its social welfare cannot effectively save people who live in poverty. Poverty also For instance, people who live in a mountainous area in northwest China are suffering by food and disease because there don’t have any food store, the condition of the medical care service is uncultured. How to cite Summary The war on obesity is a big fat flop, Essays

New Communication Interactivity Essay Example For Students

New Communication Interactivity Essay The Australian newspaper was first released by Rupert Murdock on July 15, 1964. Its release instigated a change in the way news, in particular, the printed press, was communicated within Australia. By becoming a national newspaper and attempting to capture a slice of the traditional newspaper markets, The Australian was seeking to express its passion for change and improvement. Http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/sectionindex2/0,5746,About+this+paper^^TEXT,00.html (2002). The Internet has come about through the continued development of new communication technologies. The Australian saw advantages of the Internet as a way of increasing its exposure and distribution. With the creation of The Australian News web site http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/ , a new level of interactivity between the newspaper and the reader developed. The following paragraphs will critically evaluate The Australians web site and assess how it has extended The Australians traditional form of communication being its printed newspaper. The web site greets us with the usual mast head that we are familiar with on the front page of their news paper, but there are a number of small additions. Most noticeable is the animation within the advertising. Advertising plays a large part of any newspaper. With the eye catching stimulation brought about by movement, the ability to subconsciously avoid advertisements in newspapers is hindered within the web site. Another part of the mast head displays the words News Interactive. The Australian has made attempts to interact with the reader to a greater extent in its web site, compared to the newspaper. With the newspaper you can interact by writing to the editor, responding to and submitting advertisements, filling in the crosswords, etc. The web site takes interactivity a few steps further by giving the reader greater freedom and choice to articles and options, creating an interaction between the reader (which becomes the user) and the web site (which provides the options). The n ewspaper on the other hand gives limited options that ultimately limit the interactivity. There are many methods or tools that the web site utilises to create an interactive environment. New conventional codes and icons that are widely accepted throughout the Internet are being used within The Australians web site. Blue underlined text has become an accepted convention to inform the reader of a hyperlink. Web pages such as this one are constructed with hypertext, which is text, be it in the form of a sentence or just one word that contains hidden code creating links to other web pages or other hypertext. Bolter (1991) gives us a definition of hypertext as the interactive interconnection of a set of symbolic elements. With this the reader has the option to surf to related or expanded information. On the left side of the web page, there is a red menu bar. These options are hyperlinked also. A third form of a semiotic approach to hyperlinks that this web site utilises is the drop down menu. With a newspaper, much time can be taken up locating required articles, that is, if t he newspaper actually contains the required information you are seeking. The Australian web site on the other hand, gives the reader options to locate archived articles and should you require extra information, links you to related web sites. Linking and searching is performed at a fraction of the time it would take for you to locate required articles in the newspaper edition. The dimensions of interactivity that I have meantion so far are all options and choices presented to the reader. There is another dimension that may not be presented to the reader and may be occuring without the readers knowledge. The Australian web site uses cookies. Enzer (1999) tells us that cookies refer to pieces of information that is placed into the memory or the temporary Internet folders in your computer. Cookies contain information regarding your visit and can be used to gather information about which advertisers you click on and hyperlink to. The Australian has a privicy statement located in a hyperlink at the bottom of the web page. .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e , .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e .postImageUrl , .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e , .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e:hover , .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e:visited , .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e:active { border:0!important; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e:active , .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8010a7fb1c551f8086471a5a87a9414e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: SOUTHERN VOTING BEHAVIOR EssayReferencesThe Australian: About This Paper Online, 2002. Available: ://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/sectionindex2/0,5746,About+this+paper^^TEXT,00.html Accessed 14 March 2002Bolter, Jay David (1991), Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., New Jersey. Enzer, M. 1999, Glossary of Internet Terms Online. Available: http://www.matisse.net/files/glossary.html Accessed

Article Case Law Essays

Article Case Law Essays Article Case Law Essay Article Case Law Essay University of Phoenix| Article/Case Law Search Paper| Tuberculosis-Critical Regulatory Issue| | | July 19, 2010 Article/Case Law Search Paper A critical regulatory issue in health care is a really broad subject and will always be discussed and debated on. According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å"TB is an airborne, communicable disease caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infection occurs typically when a person inhales microscopic droplet nuclei containing viable bacteria, usually acquired as a result of droplet nuclei spread through coughing or sneezing by persons who have infectious TB. (Brennan, 2007) Despite the inception of modern treatments and public health interventions, tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health threat in the U. S. and abroad in the twenty-first century. The challenge of controlling TB in its traditional and new multidrug-resistant forms requires public health agencies at the federal, tribal , state, and local levels to develop and apply new tools. Among these tools is the use of law in support of efforts to effectively control cases of TB. In May of 2005, the World Health Organization initiated for Vaccine Research. This research was arranged to develop into a meeting of regulators, investigators, and clinicians from different countries that are in the process of developing or countries that have already been developed. Their main cause was to initiate tuberculosis vaccine regulation and research. The discussion that was made in this assembly was of the regulatory challenges for testing and introducing investigative TB vaccines into country where the disease is widespread. A particular focus of this meeting was a discussion among representatives of regulatory authorities from the Developing Countries Vaccine Regulators Network (DCVRN) with those of the United Kingdom and the United States about the important challenges that each regulatory agency will need to address if effective new TB vaccines are to be registered in their countries. The DCVRN is a new WHO initiative establishing a network of vaccine regulators from nine countries: Brazil, China, Cuba, the Republic of South Korea, India, Indonesia, the Russian Federation, South Africa, and Thailand. It provides a forum for discussion, advancement of knowledge, and exposure to policies and procedures pertaining to evaluation of clinical trial proposals and clinical trial data. † (Brennan, 2007) As new and improved vaccines are created, it is a huge benefit for those countries that are in need of the vaccine and the outbreaks that they experience very frequently. Regulatory authorities in developed countries may come into a problem with lack of adequate experience with the disease burden of the target and other associated diseases. Also, these regulatory agencies may be unfamiliar with the medical treatment norms in countries with a high number of people who have TB. Given that there are these difficulties, there would be a huge beneficial to the TB community if there was partnership between regulatory authorities worldwide. There are many things that need to be addressed during the development of effective new TB vaccines. The things that need to be addressed are the preclinical and clinical portion of development. Clinical practices that address the challenges need to be established for the regulatory agencies involved in new candidate TB vaccine development. Such practices should be part of building the regulatory capacity in these countries while addressing the different risk/benefit perspectives that are appropriate for disease-endemic countries. † (Brennan, 2007) Reviewing the results conducted to determine where the need of TB vaccines is considered necessary most in each region is crucial. The determination will help Scientists and Doctors know which Country they must resort to in testing for that region. With all the screening of individuals across the world and new tests being conducted every day, TB has become according to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – through its Division of Tuberculosis Elimination (DTBE) and its Public Health Law Program (PHLP) – has identified TB to be a major global health problem. Legal preparedness has been established to help control the many public health threats, including TB. Benjamin, Moulton 2008) Despite significant efforts in many jurisdictions to enhance legal preparedness for TB control, legal issues continue to arise. These issues may stem from the application of existing TB and other communicable disease control laws that are dated, incomplete, or vague. (Gostin, Burris, Lazzarini 1999) In other instances, reliance on general communicable disease laws creates potential for litigation because they do not always provide sufficient guidance on how to balance individual rights with public health measures designed to control TB. Even with the numbers growing with this horrible disease, our Scientists are very determined to make sure all tests and individuals are protected by law. It is very important that one may continue to track, update, and inform the Scientists of the laws to protect the testing being conducted and to ensure that everyone is receiving the appropriate care. One may believe that there may be a cure for the millions of people across the world affected with this disease, and we must let the opportunities of the testing continue in order to see the results. References Benjamin GC and Moulton AD. Public Health Legal Preparedness: A Framework for Action. Journal of Law, Medicine amp; Ethics 2008; 36(S1): 13-17. Brennan, Michael J. August 2007. Development of New Tuberculosis Vaccines: A Global Perspective on Regulatory Issues. Retrieved from PLOS Medicine. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1939860/#box2 Gostin LO, Burris S, Lazzarini Z. The Law and the Public’s Health: a study of infectious disease law in the United States. Colum. L. Rev. 1999;99:59-128.

Porters Five Forces Explained

Porters Five Forces Explained To describe a competitive environment in a business sphere specialists use Porters five forces analysis. Read what it is, its advantages and disadvantages. Porter’s Five Forces is a fundamental framework that describes the competitive environment. Which competitive environment? Actually, all of them. The basic simplicity of the Five Forces Analysis is what makes it so useful, and why it has become a staple of business and management studies over the past 30 years. If done properly, the Five Forces Analysis can accurately describe any competitive environment at any level. This article about Management/Economics was written by one of our expert writers. If you are looking for an article on Management, Marketing or Economics, is your best bet. Order now and our professionals will write the article you need in accordance with all your requirements. You may like:  Currency Exchange Rate Management and Speculation  |  Management Essay Writing What Are the Five Forces? The visual representation of the Five Forces is most likely familiar to most management students.The degree of competition in a particular market or industry is determined by four primary forces, which are described in relative terms such as strong or weak, or low-medium-high. One thing that may be misleading about the Five Forces framework is that in its familiar form as shown here, it gives the impression that the four forces that affect the intensity of competition act separately when in fact they are all interconnected in sometimes complex ways. In fact, the intensity of competition itself has an effect on the strength of the four forces that define it, which is why the analysis is called the Five Forces. Defining the Five Forces The easiest way to understand what each of the Five Forces is describing is to think of them in the simple context of what would make each of them â€Å"strong† or â€Å"weak†: Factors Contributing to Strength Factors Contributing to Weakness Power of Buyers Fewer buyers Few buyers who purchase a large part of the firm’s output Buyers can easily switch to different product Many buyers Buyers do not have great influence on product or price Buyers cannot easily switch to different product Power of Suppliers Fewer suppliers High cost to change suppliers Strength of buyers can increase power of suppliers over distributors Product is very common or standardized Low cost to change suppliers Weak buyers can decrease power of suppliers over distributors Threat of Substitutions Product is a commodity Weak brand loyalty Few suppliers Product is unique or specialized Strong brand loyalty Many suppliers Threat of New Entrants Common technology Weak brand strength Distribution channels are easily accessible Difficult or proprietary technology required Strong existing brand identification High scale needed Intensity of Competition High costs to exit the industry or market High fixed costs Strong brands Low exit costs Low capital investment or fixed costs Weak brands   These factors are simple examples and are certainly not the only ones that play a role, but should illustrate, at least, how the strengths and weaknesses can affect one another. Application of the Five Forces Analysis The Five Forces analysis is most often used as a tool for external, i.e., third-party analysis of a competitive environment, which is not surprising as it was developed from a thoroughly academic perspective – Michael Porter first devised the Five Forces analysis during his work at the Harvard Business School in the early 1980’s, and despite his characterizing it as a â€Å"strategic management tool†, the methodology has never quite shaken off its textbook charm. In actual practice, the Five Forces analysis is too basic for use as a strategic planning aid for established companies; to put it rather indelicately, if a company is lacking the information a Five Forces analysis provides about its current industry or market, the company probably has more problems than can be solved by the analysis. The Five Forces analysis is, however, a very good assessment to conduct when considering entry into a new market, and is usually included in properly-written business cases . Shortcomings of the Five Forces Analysis The most important thing missing from the Five Forces analysis is any sort of internal perspective, which other assessment tools such as the SWOT analysis do take into consideration. That is not necessarily an oversight – Professor Porter’s focus was on the competitive environment, and from that perspective the Five Forces analysis is set in the proper context – but one criticism that has sometimes been raised in the years since it was first developed is that the Five Forces analysis provides only vague and weak links between the external and internal environments. That can be a problem because the internal environment and activities of the firm do have an impact on competitive forces; without the use of a complementary analysis tool, the Five Forces analysis by itself does not identify or assess what that impact may be. Another potential difficulty in making productive use of the Five Forces analysis is that its conclusions are qualitative; the strength of the various forces can only be described in a relative way, and are subject to interpretation. For example, a relationship between an auto manufacturer and a tire maker that supplies the tires for all the automaker’s new cars could be described in a couple different ways in a Five Forces analysis: The power of the buyer (the automaker) could be described as high because it purchases a large part of the tire manufacturer’s output. The power of the supplier (the tire maker) could alternatively be described as high, depending on how specialized their tire is. The power of both the supplier and buyer could be affected one way or the other by the brand loyalty of consumers to the tire brand or the auto marque. For the student researcher or market analyst, then, the challenge is to fully investigate the underlying conditions that make a particular force â€Å"strong† or â€Å"weak†, and justify a conclusion that does not contradict a conclusion about one or more of the other forces. On the other hand, when one of these contradictions cannot be resolved even after a thorough investigation and analysis, it reveals a critical issue for the firm or market in question, and this can be an opportunity – for the academic researcher, it is likely that the problem will be a solid new area for study, and for businesses, it is likely a problem whose solution will give them a strong competitive advantage. If you need to analyze a scientific work in greater detail contact our writing department to avoid confusion and save your time. If you need an essay or research on the similar topics place an order.

Institutions of American Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Institutions of American Government - Essay Example In my opinion, however, it may be more accurate to say that media is a contest terrain of both the American and world politics. Out of America’s democratic tradition, American media is known as the fourth branch of government. Democratic thinkers argue that although formally, there are three branches of government (or the executive, legislative, and the judicial branches of government), media adds to the first three categories. Actually, media is outside of formal ambit of government. However, if it wishes to, the state can have effective control of the media. State control on the media is feasible via restrictions and regulations. It is also feasible to control media via technology. The military is well known to have the capability to scramble radios, disrupt media transmission lines, and shut down electronically media’s operations. The American government and the military have even the capability to shut down or censor the internet if they want to. They can even use à ¢â‚¬Å"ethical† hacking to bring down a website. Yet, at the same time, there is no need for America’s elite to shut down or censor the internet. Shutting down or imposing censorship in the internet will be to the disadvantage of America’s elite because shutting down or censoring the internet can also mean crippling or slowing down business operations. Other than this, shutting down or censoring the internet too much will mean losing the political vantage that America enjoys over her enemies. Democracy and freedom are America’s fighting slogans against communist and Islamic fundamentalism. Shutting down or censoring the internet will be costly politically for American to win the political, military, and moral war over perceived enemies. Elite dominance over the media has not been formal anyway. It is not as if government directly threatened media

Refusal Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refusal Memo - Essay Example The community service program volunteered by the employees has been running smoothly and has been displayed on the company’s website. Dawson & Engels are thus able to improve its image as a social citizen which puts the company is a better place in the competitive scenario. This has been achieved with the help of strategic policies of the company and considering the needs, culture, and sentiments of the society (Banerjee 89). The higher management of the company is politically conservative which is compatible with the views of the employees and the individual citizens in the community. The company also encouraged its employees to participate in the listed volunteer opportunities and without them the entire employee volunteer program would be a failure. The organization has due respect to the employees of the purchasing department as well and has considered your proposal of inclusion of CNV in the list of volunteer opportunities. However, D&E has decided not to engage into the activities of CNV as functional activities and strategies of CNV in resolving community conflicts, conducting peace camps and holding sessions in the schools are politically neutral. ... Looking at the amount of cost involved in engaging into the activities of CNV and the cost-benefit analysis, it would not be prudent to accept the proposal. The company encourages your involvement in the alternate areas available in the approved list of volunteer programs or is even ready to accept new proposals that are in line with the policies of the company (Crew 45). D&E also does not intend to affront its company executives in pursuing this social activity. The company expects that this would be accepted in good spirits and is looking for more proposals in future. Dawson and Energy would continue to recognize the employees for performing outstanding work in the employee volunteer program. In cases approved by the company, the employees would continue to be eligible for the paid volunteer hours for rendering the service to the community on behalf of Dawson and Energy. Memorandum Date: 9th October, 2013. To: The Instructor From: The Student Subject: Rationale for refusal to inclu sion of CNV in the list of community services. The community services are being undertaken by Dawson and Energy as an initiative to become a good citizen of the community. The community services are being rendered in the form of employee volunteer program that is planned in consonance with the marketing director. In order to do this, the company has prepared its list of volunteering activities in different areas. In these areas, the company has taken a strategy to provide grants to the organizations that they would support for providing the community service (Hawkins 42). The company respects the culture and sentiments of the society and carries

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Economic - Essay Example When the government relaxed its price control and promoted foreign investment, the United States started to invest in PRC beginning 1979 after both countries establish diplomatic relations. With Japan as their fund provider since 1978 through soft loans, PRC is now the fastest growing major economy in the world. Its success has been attributed to a formula of cheap labor, ease government policy, overall infrastructure, high productivity, and some say, an underrated exchange rate. In spite of a growing trade surplus, PRC is consciously making effort to lower its inflation rate and/or manage inflation expectations by raising bank reserve ratio of deposits through a directive from PRC’s Central Bank. This brings as to the first question as to how will this affect the balance sheets of both the banks and the PRC’s Central Bank. As regard to the banks, their assets, particularly deposits will decrease and the same amount will increase the reserve in the â€Å"Liabilitiesâ⠂¬  portion in their Balance Sheet. Expectedly, the assets of the Central Bank either in receivables or deposits will increase as well as their reserves. Normally, banks hold two bank reserves, one is use for cashing checks or satisfying client’s withdrawals while the other is called â€Å"legal reserves† or sometimes called â€Å"federal reserves† or central bank reserves. ... Asian Development Bank (ADB) said in its 2011 Asian Development Outlook that â€Å"there is very little risk of hard landing because growth momentum remains robust for the medium term†. As compared to last year the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth will slow to 9.3% in 2011, a dip from 10.3% annual growth in 2010 (Global Times), mainly due to stubborn inflation this year. One determinant factor of inflation is the Consumer Price Index (CPI), as the CPI rise so is the inflation. Consumer consumption is one of the major components in arriving at the total GDP, the others are government expenditures, gross investment and the net of exports versus imports. Consumer consumption may not be a factor at this time because wages will not outpace production. Government expenditures were already programmed to pay maturing foreign loans, hence will be constant, while investment will decrease minimally due to expected increase in interest rates. The one that will affect most in computing the GDP is the net difference between exports and imports. As I analyze it, imports will continue to outpace exports due primarily to higher demands for fuel consumption, which are outsourced externally. The World Bank said â€Å"strong domestic demand and relative price changes has reduced the importance of external trade for China† (Reuters.com) There might be an oversupply of products which will considerably affect prices and therefore have an effect on equilibrium. As regard the aggregate expenses, again this will tend to be low as the net effect of imports versus exports is high. PRC’s Central Bank raising of RRR will certainly have an effect on the money multiplier since it will

Instant coffee market in Japan

Instant coffee market in Japan Nestlà © has dominated the instant coffee market in Japan for a number of years, however, during the 1960s; canned coffee became more popular in Japan. Nestlà © overlooked this chance to gain more of the market share and branded canned coffee as a coffee-flavoured drink, so did not to enter the market. Kirin Beer, Nestlà ©s partner at the time, broke off its relationship with Nestlà © after they refused to enter the canned coffee market. This increased Coca Colas chances and they entered the market with Georgia, especially for this part of the Japanese market. Coca-Cola managed to secure 40% of the canned coffee market in Japan by utilising its existing distribution channel. Nestlà © only entered the market in the early 1990s and has only a 4% share, through a partnership with Otsuka Beverage [1, 2]. In 1991, Otsuka Beverages Nescafà © Canned Coffee sold 50 million cases (30 cans per case) from September to October and around 70 million individual cans from September to Novembe r. In the beginning, the individual canned coffee product was mostly placed on Japan-Rail kiosks throughout Japan. By entering the canned coffee market Otsuka created much competition between already existing brands; such as Coca-Cola group (Georgia) and beer group (Suntory, Kirin and Asahi) who had already achieved a great deal of market share [3]. However, Table 1 shows that Nestlà ©s market share for canned coffee products in 2005 remained at less than 10% [4]. The Japanese accepted Nestlà © instant coffee, which in turn helped them to be the dominant coffee product in Japan. Nevertheless, to compete with soft drinks they launched a new canned coffee that was not accepted by the Japanese like instant coffee, this was because to the Japanese it was just a coffee flavoured drink rather than a can of real coffee. Nestlà © spends approximately 1% of its annual sales revenue on Research and Development (RD) and in 2006 had 3,100 employees dedicated to this department. Around 70% of the RD budget is spent on development initiatives that focus on developing products and processes that fulfil market needs [1]. Analysis of the status quo of the Japanese RTD Market A report by AgExporter, in October 1992 found that Japan is the worlds largest market for ready-to-drink (RTD) canned coffee [5], which gives foreign firms a good opportunity for investment. In 1991, the Japanese consumed a total of $7.3 billion worth of canned coffee products, this accounted for roughly a quarter of all canned beverage sales [5]. The market reached a value of $16 billion in 2003, having grown with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.9% in the years 1999-2003 [6]. A reason for canned coffees popularity is how it is easily adapted to each seasons temperature. Through the colder winter months, consumers favour hot canned coffee to soft drinks, beer, fruit juices, milk [5] and other cooler drinks. In the hotter summer months, cold canned coffee is preferred. A Japanese trade publication showed that sales of canned coffee were roughly evenly split between summer and winter months [5]. Another reason for the rapid growth in sales of RTD coffee is due to the extensive distribution in vending machines. About 70-80% of total sales of canned coffee are sold via vending machines according to the Japan Soft Drink Bottlers Association. The other 20-30% is sold in convenience stores and supermarkets [5]. Negotiation of strong product distribution through vending machines is particularly important in the Japanese soft drinks market. Almost three quarters of all canned coffee is sold via vending machines [5]. Graphs 1 and 2 show sales of RTD coffee have been declining since 2003, however in 2010 for Coca-Cola (Graph 1) the trend begins to rise whilst Nestlà © (Graph 2) continues to decline [7]. RTD coffee was not the only soft drink to suffer a loss in 2009; the losses were mainly a result of the recession and a shorter summer, which forced many consumers to cut back on spending on unnecessary goods. Chained coffee shops also reported a significant fall in customer numbers through 2009. This caused many Japanese consumers to use thermal flasks to take coffee to work [8]. Graph 1 [7] Graph 2 Graph 2 [7] Coca-Cola (Japan) Co Ltd remains the leader in RTD coffee, accounting for 24% off-trade volume share (see Table 2) and 27% off-trade value share (see Table 3) in 2009. The company benefits from its strong and well-targeted marketing campaigns. The companys strong branding also helped to sustain demand, with its Georgia brand enjoying a high profile. Coca-Cola accounted for almost double the off-trade value share of its nearest competitor in RTD coffee in 2009, with Suntory Holdings Ltd lagging behind at 13.8% off-trade value share in 2009 [8]. Even though there are policies in place that deter foreign companies, they do have some strengths that can be used to get a foothold in the Japanese market, including lower costs for product ingredients, packaging and labour [5]. Even though exporters have advantages, there are factors they should take into account when thinking of investing in the Japanese market. These factors include potential distributors, importers, retailers, vending machine manufacturers and operators to confirm that product packaging is compatible with equipment specifications, government labelling and sanitation standards, and consumer expectations [5]. Even though there are standards that need to be met, in recent years, the Japanese government has slackened a number of regulations and structural trade barriers, making it easier for foreign companies to enter into Japan. However, there are legal, business and cultural obstacles that remain. Among these are tariffs, food sanitation and labelling laws and Japans complex distribution system. Strict limitations have been placed on the use of certain food colourings, preservatives and additives that have to be avoided in canned coffee products [5]. Packaging All products sold in Japan must have the correct labelling. Labels for imported beverages must include the following information: Product name Raw materials used, including additives Date of manufacture or processing Name and location of manufacturer or processor [5] Nearly all leading brands use steel cans for their canned coffee, although a number of companies use aluminium cans, steel cans are favoured because they are sturdier and not as expensive. Non-carbonated beverages often come in aluminium cans that are more prone to denting; packaging is an important issue to address when selling via vending machine since Japanese consumers will reject dented cans. The most common serving sizes for canned coffee products are 150 grams, 190 grams, 250 grams and 350 grams [5] with the most popular being the 250 gram can. However, increased costs of production and ingredients have forced many manufacturers to switch to the smaller 190-gram can but still charge the same price. An increase in product quality is usually the main reason for using the smaller can size; this bodes well with the Japanese consumers who often perceive quality over quantity. Pull-tabs are featured on most brands of canned coffee; however, push-tab cans are gaining in popularity be cause of growing environmental concerns [5]. Most of the major canned coffee manufacturers own their own vending machine networks. Using this, manufacturers can maintain complete control over vending distribution of their products [5]. By working with major vending operators, this will provide foreign firms with an understanding of the Japanese vending machine business and provide assistance for things like product design, packaging, test marketing and strategic planning [5]. The success or failure of a foreign canned coffee product in Japan may well depend on the selection of an appropriate operator [5]. In Japan, trade shows are quite frequent and popular; they provide an excellent opportunity for exporters to introduce products to potential distributors and retailers. These events also offer exporters a chance to gather information about market conditions and products manufactured by Japanese and other foreign companies [5]. Other sources of information that are available and will aid foreign companies are trade journals and publications, which are a key source of information on product and market developments. Advertising published in these journals and publications can help product manufacturers find suitable business support services [5]. Re-launching Nestlà © RTD Coffee In 2004, Nescafà © Santa Marta, from Nestlà © Japan Group was introduced that is made with 100% Santa Marta coffee beans it was produced in 190g cans and cost  ¥115. Another two versions for Nescafà © Santa Marta were also introduced one was called UP and the other BREAK. UP was advertised to retain a just-brewed coffee taste and sharp bitterness and comes in a red can, and BREAK was advertised as a perfect way for loosening the tension and is sold in a blue can. Like the original, both come in 190-gram cans and cost  ¥120 each [9, 10]. Ways of rebranding Nestlà © RTD coffee include retaining the taste and aroma of freshly brewed coffee, making canned coffee healthier, increasing the range of coffee types, and giving canned coffee a more premium image. (See Appendix 1 for PEST analysis and Appendix 2 for SWOT analysis). By rebranding Nestlà © RTD coffee, it will help to give a fresh look, which will aid in attracting new customers potentially from competitors and new possible employees. Another advantage is to differentiate even more from competitors, and because the RTD coffee-market it slowly becoming saturated, rebranding will help boost sales and increase brand image. Possible rebranding of the two products BREAK and UP could include renaming the product followed by a slogan but still promoting that one boosts energy and one relaxes you. Renaming and redesigning each one would give the illusion of a brand new product to existing and potential consumers. Examples of rebranding BREAK could be Onsen followed by the slogan Relax, and an example for UP could be Boost with the slogan Kick start your day. Using a variety of Japanese words within the product names across the range would help attract various consumer groups. Words such as Onsen would more likely attract the older consumers who after a long day at work just want to relax, but changing the word to Karaoke coffee Keeping you in tune would most likely attract the younger consumers. Another aspect of rebranding RTD coffee is too look and choose the release of the coffee carefully as different seasons can help promote different coffees, especially if the name also includes something relative to a particular season. For instance a RTD coffee named Sakura Be one with nature would probably get the most attention and largest sales during the spring months, when the Sakura are in bloom, another seasonal coffee for the winter months, with the name Mountain Top that can promote coffee with cream. Another key factor in rebranding a product is the dominant colour in the design. For Nescafà © their brand colour is red, when combined with white it then portrays the national colours of Japan, this could be another factor in helping attract the consumers attention. Another role that colours play in rebranding is, when used correctly then can give products a premium look along with a highly impactful design of youth and vitality. Giving the product a more premium image will help consumers distinguish the product from competitors and make them realise it is not just another canned coffee. The product name once again comes into effect, giving the coffee a name of honour and meaning could help in rebranding a product as premium, example names could include Emperor Coffee Respect the taste and Samurai Coffee A cut above the rest. Even though rebranding can make the can look more prominent, another aspect is to go back to the roots of Nescafà © and make the coffee can simple yet effective. By replicating the instant coffee colour scheme and design onto the can, it would help the consumer to see that the same coffee goes into both the instant and into the canned coffee products. With Nestlà © dominating the instant coffee market, this strategy could help boost sales of the canned coffee. Using a name like Nescafà © Simple Anywhere, Anytime and the brand colour of red would be one way of promoting this strategy. By researching things that are, Japanese and things that the Japanese respect can aid in a successful rebrand of RTD coffee. The Japanese are very passionate about luck from good luck charms to New Year good luck predictions. Using the category of luck RTD coffee can help gain consumer loyalty and additional consumers. One way of promoting luck and RTD coffee is to change the name to Lucky and incorporating the kanji symbol hachi into the design. Using these two factors another can be added, the use of lucky ring pulls with this different items can be won such as a free can of Lucky if a ring pull is red, or by collecting a certain number of green ring pulls this would allow the consumer to trade them in for a unique mug. The mugs design can promote an upcoming film/anime or perhaps to look kawaii, which is highly popular in Japan. In order to keep consumers and bring in potential new ones from such areas as business people and teenagers canned coffee with the name Inspire may help, as this name has the possibility to motivate people after drinking it. By making canned coffee healthier, it may help attract consumers away from other healthy soft drinks such as green tea; ways of achieving a healthier coffee is decreasing caffeine content or making a caffeine-free version. This method can attract consumers who want to achieve or maintain a healthy lifestyle; this form of rebranding will most likely be successful especially in todays more health-conscious society. One possible problem with zero/low caffeine coffee which needs to be addressed is that the coffee must still maintain the real coffee taste which is present from freshly brewed coffee, however if this problem can be overcome then the firm will stand a good chance of gaining a higher market share. Another method that is being adopted to create a healthier RTD coffee is the use of polyphenol coffee, which contains caffeic acid, which aids the body by acting as an anti-oxidant [11]. If Nestlà © were to incorporate the Nescafà © Green Blend into a canned coffee version, this i s would maximises the anti-oxidants thus creating a more healthy canned coffee variety, this would allow Nestlà © to tap into the healthy RTD coffee market [12]. Nestlà © Japan Ltd increased its focus on health positioning in its advertising in early 2010, showing the entry into new area for a product type that traditionally has not been associated with health and wellness. In November 1994, a report was published which showed that only 20% of the sales of canned coffee was bought by women; they often favour unsweetened coffee so often visit coffee shops for black coffee, this is due to a majority of women being calorie-conscious so black coffee is preferred [14]. In 2006 infoPLANT carried out a survey about canned coffee, which looked at consumerism and packaging. Over a week at the start of October 6,480 successfully completed the survey, with 65.7% of the respondents being female. Graph 3 shows how often the respondents purchased canned coffee [15]. Graph 3 [15] Conclusion Regardless of Japans economic position, coffee has not gone out of fashion; in fact, it retains the same importance as ever. Coffee is regarded as a healthier alternative to caffeine-based energy drinks; and continues to have a broad appeal across a wide range of the population who work long and increasingly anti-social hours. Canned coffees diversity and popularity allows enjoyment by a wide range of consumers from high school students through to the elderly [2]. Although there is potential to rebrand Nestlà © RTD coffee to draw in the additional consumers; the majority of RTD coffee drinkers remains with business people. Therefore, it is very important to rebrand not only a product to attract other areas of the population such as younger and older generation, but also rebrand a product to attract the masses. This would enable Nestlà © to increase its consumer base but remain focused on RTD coffees main consumer. Word count (excluding tables): 2750 Word count (including tables): 2931 References [1] HILL, C. W. L. 2010. Part V Case: Nestle: Global Strategy International Business. 8 ed.: McGraw-Hill. [2] NESTLÉ. History of Nestlà © Japan Group [Online]. Available: http://www.nestle.co.jp/japan/e/profile/japan-history.asp [Accessed 13th December 2010]. [3] KARASAWA, K. 1991. Canned coffee sales regain two-digit growth. (Japanese coffee sales). Tea Coffee Trade Journal [Online], 163. [4] LOPEZ, J. 2005. NESTLÉJAPAN GROUP. [5] AGEXPORTER. 1992. Canned coffee sales in Japan brewing lots of interest [Online]. Available: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3723/is_n10_v4/ai_12921886/ [Accessed 10th December 2010]. [6] DATAMONITOR. 2004. RTD Tea Coffee in Japan. [7] Company Shares (by Global Brand Owner) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Off-trade Volume à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ % breakdown [Online]. Euromonitor International. Available: https://www.portal.euromonitor.com/Portal/ResultsList.aspx [Accessed 5th December 2010]. [8] 2010. Rtd Coffee Japan [Online]. Euromonitor International. Available: https://www.portal.euromonitor.com/Portal/accessPDF.ashx?c=94PDFf=S-146710-17543094.pdfcode=SoTwtXEdCEmTuFcrWACsLR00dKM%3d [Accessed 5th December 2010]. [9] 2004. New Coffee Drink from Nestlà © Japan Group. [Online]. Available: http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-7013702_ITM [Accessed 21st December 2010]. [10] 2004. New Canned Coffee Drinks from Nestlà © Japan Group [Online]. Available: http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8240666_ITM [Accessed 21st December 2010]. [11] NESTLÉ. QA [Online]. Available: http://nestle.jp/faq/polyphenol/index.html [Accessed 11th December 2010]. [12] NESCAFÉ ® Green Blend [Online]. Available: http://www.nescafe.co.uk/CoffeeCupboard/everyday-choice/nescafe-green-blend [Accessed 11th December 2010]. [13] 2010. Coffee Japan [Online]. Euromonitor International. Available: https://www.portal.euromonitor.com/Portal/ResultsList.aspx [Accessed 5th December 2010]. [14] SILVERMAN, I. 1994. Women are newest target for canned coffee in Japan. Advertising Age, 65, 60. [15] KEN, Y. N. 2006. What Japan Thinks [Online]. Available: http://whatjapanthinks.com/2006/10/26/almost-half-of-japanese-men-start-their-workday-with-a-canned-coffee/ [Accessed 11th December 2010]. Appendix Appendix 1: PEST Analysis for the re-branding of Nestlà ©-RTD-Coffee Political Ecological/environmental issues Current legislation home market Future legislation Regulatory bodies and processes Government policies Government term and change Trading policies Funding, grants and initiatives Economic Home economy situation Home economy trends General taxation issues Taxation specific to product/services Seasonality/weather issues Market and trade cycles Specific industry factors Market routes and distribution trends Customer/end-user drivers Social Lifestyle trends Consumer attitudes and opinions Media views Brand, company, technology image Consumer buying patterns Major events and influences Buying access and trends Advertising and publicity Technological Research funding Associated/dependent technologies Manufacturing maturity and capacity Information and communications Consumer buying mechanisms/technology Innovation potential Technology access, licencing, patents

Ideal Family: Defining the Ideal Family Throughout American History Es

The ideal American family was transformed in the 19th century in large part due to the great changes taking place in the American society. Many family groups fit this changing mold while some did not. In this essay I will show how this concept of the ideal American family changed. I will also try to explain which groups of Americans followed this concept and why. The end of the 18th century was a turbulent time in American history. The country had just won its independence from Great Britain and was attempting to find an identity for itself. Up to this point families in America were similar to British families. The father was the head of the household, but lived in harmony with his wife. The children were seen as part of the family’s labor force, helping to produce food and supplies for the family. The church ruled the family as much as colonial law in the late 18th. A change in the general economy paved the way for the emergence of a new type of family. The market economy arose in the 1800’s in America. Goods were no longer being produced solely for family consumption. The families of this period were producing goods in excess to sell at markets. Goods able to be purchased at a market as well as the slave trade in the south helped to lessen the amount of household production for the average American family. With a market economy now in place in America, the door was open for the factory system and industrialization. This factory system created two main types of families in America: Middle Class and Working Class. Middle class families were better off economically than their working class counterparts. In these families men worked in jobs considered to be middle class white-collar occupations. Women were therefore staying home and surviving on the man’s salary. With these middle class women staying home along with the smaller amounts of household production, a new type of labor arises. Women in this early 19th century time period become more and more involved in child rearing. The household work for these middle class women is task-oriented and unwaged. This makes them more and more dependent on their husband’s salary and more responsible for the children who were also out of the labor force. Working class families were different in some ways from middle class families. Often in a marriage, the man’s wages were not enough... ...y are allowed to do. Although the Irish were oppressed in this country I feel that they were proud to be Irish. Possibly more so in relation to the surrounding social order. The two cultures, Irish and Protestant, held such different ideals that I believe that the Irish were as proud to be who they were as the Protestants were sure of the virtue of their own ways. The idea of an ideal American family seems ridiculous today. Two hundred years ago many Americans may not have thought twice about the idea that there was a correct form that a family should follow. In the 19th century our country was young and was one of a few to have to come up with its own national identity in such a short period of time. In hindsight and with a bit of anachronism one could say that America dealt with its immigrant population with a great deal of hypocrisy. Instead of being a haven for immigrants America was almost a factory, attempting to take in different people and create a melting pot in which everything becomes alike. Every ingredient eventually loses its uniqueness. Bibliography: christine stansell "women children and the uses of the streets" Femenists studies 8 (sep.82)

Wacc for Fedex Corp.

Preface First of all, I would like to thank Ms. Thuy for her enthusiastic guidance and response all of questions to help me complete this exercise easily. Simultaneously, thanks to her professional lectures on class which also build me with deep understanding of how to access and deal with problems in financial management so that I can complete this report. All of the data is collected through 2 website: http://finance. yahoo. com/ and http://www. finra. org/ I. ABOUT FEDEX CORPORATION: FedEx Corporation is a holding company.The Company provides a portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services under the FedEx brand, originally known as  FDX Corporation, is an American global  courier  delivery services company headquartered in  Memphis, Tennessee. FedEx Corporation is a Delaware corporation, incorporated October 2, 1997. FDX Corporation was founded in January 1998 with the acquisition of Caliber System Inc. by Federal Express,  the world's  largest airlineà ‚  in terms of freight tons flown and the world's fourth largest in terms of fleet size, delivering packages and freight to more than 375 destinations in nearly every country each day.With the purchase of Caliber, FedEx started offering other services besides express shipping. The  Standard Carrier Alpha Code (SCAC)  is a unique code used to identify transportation companies. It is typically two to four alphabetic letters long. It was developed by the  National Motor Freight Traffic Association  in the 1960s to help the transportation industry for computerizing data and records. FedEx's codes include: * FDE – FedEx Express * FDEG – FedEx Ground * FXFE – FedEx Freight * FDCC – FedEx Custom Critical II. STATISTICS AND CALCULATION: 1. Summary  statistics:Accroding to the collected data: There is one non- callable bond issues of FedEx Corporation (FDX) in the ten-year maturity which is FDX. GD, use its yield of maturity as the pre-tax cost of debt. * Market value of equity: 34. 3 billions in USD * Value cash: 34. 02 billions in USD * The beta is 1. 32 and risk-free rate is 2% * A market risk premium of 5% and tax rate of 35% 2. Estimated equation a. The market value of debt: Using the collected data in the appendix 3, the market value of debt can be easily calculated: The market value of FDX’s debt = $250,000,000*105. 08%+$750,000,000*130. 704%+$239,000,000*131%=$1,557,390,000 * Total value of the firm = Total of market value of debt and equity =$34,300,000,000+$1,557,390,000=$35,857,390,000 b. The weights for FedEx’s equity and debt: Weight for equity =34,300,000,00035,857,390,000=95. 6567% Weight for debt=1,557,390,00035,857,390,000=4. 3433% 3. Apply the CAPM to Calculate GM’s WACC Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate + Equity Beta * Market Risk Premium =2%+1. 32*5%= 0. 086 Effective Cost of debt = Rd1-Tc=5. 89%1-0. 35=0. 0376 WACC is the average of the costs of these sources of financing, each of which is we ighted by its respective use in the given situation. By taking a weighted average, we can see how much interest the company has to pay for every dollar it finances. A firm's WACC is the overall required return on the firm as a whole and, as such, it is often used internally by company directors to determine the economic feasibility of expansionary opportunities and mergers.It is the appropriate discount rate to use for cash flows with risk that is similar to that of the overall firm. The WACC equation is the cost of each capital component multiplied by its proportional weight and then summing:   WACC= EV. Re+DV. Rd(1-Tc) We can easily calculate: WACC of FedEx Corporation is approximately 8. 3898%. III. APPENDIX: Appendix 1: Market value of equity| Enterprise value cash| Beta| $34. 3| $34. 02| 1. 32| *dollar amount in billions| Appendix 2: Risk free rate| Pre-tax cost of debt (Rd)| %| 5. 789| Appendix 3: Bond Symbol| Issuer Name| Coupon| Maturity| Callable| Price| Yield| Amount out standing| | | | | | | | | FDX. GX| FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP PASS THRU TR| -| -| No| 121. 375| 4. 153| -| FDX. HR| FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP| -| -| No| -| -| -| FDX. HO| FEDEX CORP| 7. 38| 01/15/2014| Yes| 105. 608| 0. 507| $250,000| FDX. HP| FEDEX CORP| 8| 01/15/2019| Yes| 130. 704| 2. 327| $750,000| FDX. GD| FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP| 7. 6| 07/01/2097| No| 131| 5. 789| $239,000| *dollar amount in thousands|

Learn How to Conjugate Oublier (to Forget) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Oublier (to Forget) in French The French verb  oublier  means to forget. When you want to say I forgot in the past tense or he is forgetting in the present tense, youll need to know the verbs conjugations. This lesson is a perfect introduction to those because well show you how to create the most basic and commonly used forms of  oublier. The Basic Conjugations of  Oublier French verb conjugations can be a bit of a challenge because there are more words to memorize than we have in English. Where English has the -ing and -ed endings, French has a new ending for every tense as well as every subject pronoun. That means you have five extra words to learn for each tense. The good news, however, is that  oublier  is a  regular -er verb, meaning it follows the most common rules for French conjugations. Once you learn the endings for this verb, you can apply those to almost every other verb that ends in -er. This makes studying each new verb just a little easier. You can use this chart to find the proper ending to attach to the verb stem of oubli-. Simply match the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense for the sentence youre using it in. For example, I forget is  joublie  and we will forget is  nous oublierons. Present Future Imperfect j oublie oublierai oubliais tu oublies oublieras oubliais il oublie oubliera oubliait nous oublions oublierons oubliions vous oubliez oublierez oubliiez ils oublient oublieront oubliaient The Present Participle of  Oublier The  present participle  of  oublier  is  oubliant. This was formed by simply adding -ant  to the verb stem. Its a rule that is applied to most other -er  verbs. Oublier  in the Compound Past Tense For the past tense, you can use either the imperfect or the compound known as the passà © composà ©. For the latter, youll need to know the conjugates of the auxiliary verb avoir as well as the past participle oublià ©. It comes together quickly: conjugate  avoir  into the present tense for the subject, then attach the past participle. For example, I forgot is  jai oublià ©Ã‚  and we forgot is  nous avons oublià ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Oublier When you dont know whether you forgot or not, you can use the subjunctive verb mood. In a similar fashion, if youll forget about something if something else happens, the conditional verb mood  is useful. Though they dont need to be a priority, there may also be times when youll need to use either  the passà © simple  or  imperfect subjunctive. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j oublie oublierais oubliai oubliasse tu oublies oublierais oublias oubliasses il oublie oublierait oublia oublit nous oubliions oublierions oublimes oubliassions vous oubliiez oublieriez oublites oubliassiez ils oublient oublieraient oublirent oubliassent Brief and very direct sentences in French can be used in the imperative form. For these, skip the subject pronoun entirely and simplify it to oublie rather than tu oublie. Imperative (tu) oublie (nous) oublions (vous) oubliez

Double-Acting and Single-Acting Baking Powder

Double-Acting and Single-Acting Baking Powder If youre like me, youre lucky to pay attention to a recipe enough to notice whether youre supposed to be using baking powder or baking soda. Both ingredients cause baked goods to rise, but they are not interchangeable. Also, there is more than one type of baking powder. You can find single-acting baking powder and double-acting baking powder. You may be wondering how they are different or whether you should use half as much double-acting baking powder as single-acting baking powder. What's the Difference? You use the exactly same amount of double-acting baking powder as you would single-acting baking powder. The difference between the two types of powder is their chemical composition and whether they produce the carbon dioxide gas bubbles that make your baked goods rise when the ingredients are mixed or when the product is heated in the oven. Both types of baking powder produce the same amount of gas, so they are equally effective as leavening agents. Single-acting baking powder reacts with a water-based ingredient to form bubbles as soon as the ingredients are mixed. If you wait too long to bake your food or mix it too long these bubbles will escape and your food will fall flat.Double-acting baking powder produces some bubbles when the ingredients are mixed, but most of the rising occurs once heat is applied. This product is more reliable for home baking because it is harder to overbeat the ingredients and the recipe is less susceptible to failure if you forgot to preheat your oven. Because it is practically failsafe, this is the type of baking powder most often found in stores. Youll encounter single-acting baking powder in commercial applications, plus this is the type of powder you would make if you prepare baking powder yourself.

International Law and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Law and Development - Essay Example Compliance with counter terrorism measures has affected the ability of humanitarian organisations to provide assistance based on the principles of neutrality and impartiali...ty. Law and development is a topic that concerns the potential of law as an instrument of social change in developing countries. The key objective of this assignment is to evaluate the impact of public international law in an era which has been affected by changes in policies due to anti-terrorism laws and their affects on development assistance in developing countries. The key problem in this respect is that counter terrorism legislation and other policies have directly affected levels of development assistance, as many donors are now afraid of the consequences of indirectly funding designated entities or individuals. What is Development Aid Assistance? Development assistance can be separated into two sectors – private and public. Private aid is concerned with financial aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social and political development of developing countries. It is distinguished from humanitarian aid (public aid) which focuses on long-term poverty alleviation. This assistance ensures that the country can develop instead of sliding back into conflict. Some examples include: the reconstruction of property and infrastructure, the return of displaced security, governance, transport of food and supplies, and the rebuilding of the economy. The aim of development assistance is to help developing countries function on their own and ensure that they can function independently after aid is extended to them. Public aid deals with humanitarian aid and its general aim is to help people in third world countries, particularly the most

Port Strategy and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Port Strategy and Development - Essay Example In determining the pricing in ports, the ports management should consider cargo handling, the time in port, port dues and charges. Indeed, the main objectives of port pricing include profit maximization, economic efficiency, macro-economic policy, and income distribution. However, there are many challenges that relate to port pricing like transparency, competition, cost recovery, discrimination, price review vs. yardstick benchmarking simplicity, and cross-subsidy. As such, ports should set their prices by analyzing the complex, network-like structure of principal and intermediary parties in the port, flow of services and related charges, differentiation and price discrimination in the market for port services, demand and supply in the ports, and competition. However, setting and comparison of port prices is becoming a challenge subject to the wide variability in the population of ships and cargoes that each port handles. However, this paper will address the methods and strategies fo r port pricing in the Port of Melbourne in Australia. In doing this, I will review port pricing, port capacity, investment, competition and regulation. The essay will compare port pricing in the Port of Melbourne with port pricing theory and different port prices models. In conclusion, the paper will draw my opinion.

The difference between IT And IS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The difference between IT And IS - Essay Example In the contemporary environment of advancing technology and globalization, dynamic strategies and exploiting knowledge and information become major enabling elements of competitive advantage. Technology has redefined business dynamics with far reaching ramifications for businesses as well as for people at large.Balutis (2009) has emphasized that businesses need to address the challenges of technology and make them integral part of their business strategies. Indeed, technology has emerged as powerful tool of communication which must be innovatively exploited within organizations for creating a wider database of new opportunities and scope. Information system and technology are part of broader spectrum of knowledge application mechanisms that facilitate firms to explore new opportunities and maintain their niche position in the industry. The paper would therefore be discussing the role of information system and information technology in the knowledge management. Differences between Inf ormation system and information technology Cohen (1997, 2000) has contested that information system is very complex because it encompasses diversity of issues and concepts which are open to myriad interpretations. It is therefore an evolving process where environmental changes and scientific developments redefine contexts and mechanisms to give new meaning to an issue or defined paradigm. Drucker (1998) strongly asserts that access to information is the prerequisite element of success within firms. Information facilitates wide ranging knowledge about the existing and emerging paradigms of businesses which is exploited by them to gain market leverage. Most importantly, information greatly improves and improvises the work productivity of workers who are better informed and can make effective decisions (Johnson & Lederer, 2010). Thus, while information can be broadly described as collation of data into meaningful form, the information system is the mechanism of storing and manipulating the strategic business information for higher growth and efficient delivery of organizational goals and objectives (Phillip, 2007: Stonier, 1997.). Information technology, on the other hand, refers to all computing technologies that facilitate information dissemination. It encompasses collaborating tools of communication that are used by firms and people to gain knowledge and apply them within the business processes. The broader precinct of information technology facilitates selection, creation, application, integration and administration of computing technologies so as to meet the goals and objectives of businesses and provide firms with unique capabilities to meet new challenges (Melville et al., 2004)). Thus IT caters to the planning and management of various hardware and software products lifecycle so that technology can constantly meet the changing needs and requirements of the organization. Consequently, information system and information technology primarily differ in their objectives and the context of application. Information system helps develop database of information that is streamlined into defined format so as to acquire value for the user. The fundamental objective of creating information system is to ensure smooth flow of relevant information across people that would help them in making informed decisions for higher performance outcome (Reynolds, 2010). At the same time, information technology provides the facilitating platform of computing technology vis-a-vis hardware and software tools that facilitate networking and flow of information across people and places. Thus IT serves as a key mechanism to integrate various modules of information system regarding the various processes and spheres of business paradigms to produce the desired outcome of efficiency, quality, productivity and revenue or profit. Knowledge management and technology Knowledge management by organizational leadership is inherently linked to the tacit manipulation of informed choices (Bateman & Snell, 2008). The transfer of

Philippine Psychology Act of 2009 Essay Example for Free

Philippine Psychology Act of 2009 Essay STATEMENT OF POLICY Section 2. Statement of Policy. The State recognizes that psychologists have an important role in nation-building and development. It also acknowledges the diverse specializations of psychologists and the diverse functions specific to the varied specializations. It particular, it recognizes the significance of the psychological services that practicing psychologists provide to diverse types of clients, but also recognizes the need to protect the public by preventing inexperienced or untrained individuals from offering psychological services. Hence, it shall nurture competent, upright and assiduous psychologists whose standards of practice and service shall be excellent and globally competitive through the administration of inviolable, effective and credible licensure examinations and the imposition and promotion of regulatory measures, programs and activities that enhance their professional growth and well-being. ARTICLE III DEFINITION OF TERMS Section 3. Definition of Terms. As used in this Act, the following terms shall have the following meanings: (a) Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior. It involves the application of scientific methods to inquire into the biological, cognitive, affective, developmental, personality, social, cultural and individual difference dimensions of human behavior. (b) Practice of Psychology consists of the delivery of psychological services that involve application of psychological principles and procedures for the purpose of describing, understanding, predicting and influencing the behavior of individuals or groups, in order to assist in the attainment of optimal human growth and functioning. The delivery of psychological services includes, but is not limited to: (1) psychological interventions: psychological counseling, psychotherapy, psychosocial support, coaching, psychological debriefing, group processes and all other psychological interventions that involve the application of psychological principles to improve psychological functioning of individuals, families, groups and organizations; (2) psychological assessment: gathering and integration of psychology-related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation, accomplished through a variety of tools, including individual tests, projective tests, clinical interview and other psychological assessment tools, for the purpose of assessing diverse psychological functions including cognitive abilities, aptitudes, personality characteristics, attitudes, values, interests, emotions and motivations, among others, in support of psychological counseling, psychotherapy and other psychological interventions; and (3) psychological programs: development, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of psychological treatment for individuals and/or groups. (c) Psychologist means a natural person who is duly registered and holds a valid certificate of registration and a valid professional identification card as professional psychologist, issued by the Professional Regulatory Board of Psychology and the Professional Regulation Commission pursuant to this Act for the purpose of delivering the different psychological services defined in this Act. (d) Psychometrician means a natural person who holds a valid certificate of registration and a valid professional identification card as psychometrician issued by the Professional Regulatory Board of Psychology and the Professional Regulation Commission pursuant to this Act. As such, he/she shall be authorized to do any of the following: Provided, That such shall at all times be conducted under the supervision of a licensed professional psychologist: (1) administering and scoring of objective personality tests, structured personality tests, excluding projective tests and other higher level forms of psychological tests; (2) interpreting results of the same and preparing a written report on these results; and (3) conducting preparatory intake interviews of clients for psychological invention sessions. ARTICLE IV PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD OF PSYCHOLOGY Section 4. Creation and Composition of the Professional Regulatory Board of Psychology. There is hereby created a Professional Regulatory Board of Psychology, hereinafter called the Board, a collegial body under the administrative control and supervision of the Professional Regulation Commission, hereinafter referred to as the Commission, which shall be composed of a Chairperson and two (2) members appointed by the President of the Philippines from a list of three (3) nominees for each position. The list of nominees shall be submitted to the Commission by the integrated and accredited national organization of psychologists. The Board shall be organized not later than sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act. Section 5. Qualification of the Chairperson and the Members of the Professional Regulatory Board of Psychology. The Chairperson and members of the Board shall, at the time of their appointment and for the course of their term, possess the following qualifications: (a) A natural born citizen and resident of the Philippines; (b) At least thirty-five (35) years of age; (c) Possess good moral character; (d) Hold a doctorate degree in psychology conferred by a university, college or school in the Philippines or board duly recognized and/or accredited by   the Commission on Higher Education (CHED); (e) Have at least ten (10) years of practice in psychology and psychometrics in a duly recognized institution, clinic or center, as well as at least (5) years of teaching experience in the field of psychology; (f) Be a registered and licensed psychologists, except in the case of the first members of the Board who shall automatically be conferred a valid certificate of registration and a valid professional identification card in psychology and psychometrics upon appointment to the Board; (g) Is neither an officer, trustee nor member of the faculty of any university, college, institute or school where a regular course in psychology is offered or taught or review classes conducted and shall not have any pecuniary interest, direct or indirect, in any such institution; (h) Is not an officer, nor hold any position other than being a member of the integrated and accredited national organization of psychologists; and (i) Shall not have been convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude. Section 6. Term of Office. The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of three (3) years or until their successors shall have been appointed and duly qualified. Each member of the Board may be reappointed for one (1) full term of three (3) years. The first members of the Board shall hold office for the following terms: the Chairperson for three (3) years; one (10 member for two (2) years; and the other member for one (1) year, which shall be specified in their respective appointments. Any vacancy occurring within the term of a member shall be filled for the unexpired portion of the term only. Each member of the Board shall qualify by taking the proper oath prior to the performance of his/her duties. Section 7. Powers and Duties. The Board shall have the following powers and duties: (a) Administer and implement the provisions of this Act and promulgate as well as revise or update, as necessary, rules and regulations, resolutions and guidelines hereto: Provided, That the policies, resolutions, rules and regulations issued or promulgated by the Board shall be subject to review and approval of the Commission; (b) Supervise and monitor the registration, licensure and practice of psychologists and Psychometricians in the Philippines; (c) Administer oaths in connection with the administration of this Act; (d) Issue, and upon compliance with due process requirements, suspend or revoke, and/or reinstate, the certificate of registration and professional identification card for psychologists and psychometricians; (e) Adopt an official seal of the Board; (f) Monitor the conditions and circumstances affecting the practice of psychology and psychometrics in the Philippines and adopt such measures as may be deemed lawful and proper for the enhancement and maintenance of high professional, ethical and technical standards of the profession; (g) Issue permits to and exercise visitorial powers over agencies, institutions, associations and partnerships to verify that the persons practicing psychology and psychometrics therein are psychologists and psychometricians with valid certificates of registration and valid professional identification cards, and that they possess the necessary accreditation, skills and/or facilities to competently carry out their functions; (h) Assist the Commission in the formulation and implementation of the guidelines on continuing professional education for psychologists and psychometricians; (i) Ensure, in coordination with the CHED, that all educational institutions offering the course/program of psychology stric tly comply with the policies, standards and requirements prescribed by the CHED for such course/program, especially in the areas of administration, curriculum, faculty, library and facilities; (j) Prepare, adopt, issue and amend, in consultation with the CHED, syllabi for the licensure examination subjects; (k) Investigate and, when warranted, her administrative cases involving violations of this Act, its implementing rules and regulations as hereinafter promulgated, and any applicable code of ethics and/or code of professional standards. For this purpose, it may issue subpoena testificandum and subpoena duces tecum to secure the appearances of witnesses and the production of documents in connection therewith:Provided, That the Boards decision, resolution or orders rendered in administrative cases shall be subject to review only on appeal; and (l) Perform such other functions and duties as may be lawfully delegated to it, or as it may deem necessary to carry out the objectives of this Act. Section 8. Compensation and Allowances. The Chairperson and members of the Board shall receive the same compensation and allowances as those received by the Chairperson and members of the existing regulatory boards under the Commission, as provided in the charter of the Commission and in the General Appropriations Act. Section 9. Removal or Suspension of Members of the Professional Regulatory Board of Psychology. Any member of the Board may, upon the recommendation of the Commission, upon observance of due process and completion of the proper investigation, be suspended or removed by the President from office for cause, such as gross neglect of duty, incompetence, malpractice, behavior unbecoming of a psychology professional, immorality, unethical or dishonorable conduct, final conviction of any crime involving moral turpitude, any act of grant and corruption, and participation in the manipulation of or any dishonesty relative to the licensure examinations and/or the registration p rocess. Section 10. Administrative Supervision over the Board, Custodian of its Records, Secretariat and Support Services. The Board shall be under the administrative supervision and control of the Commission. All records of the Board, including documents relative to the licensure examinations as well as administrative and other investigative cases conducted by the Board, shall be kept in the custody of the Commission. The Commission shall designate the Secretary of the Board and shall provide the secretariat with necessary support services to effectivity implement the provisions of this Act. ARTICLE V LICENSURE EXAMINATIONS Section 11. Examinations Required. All applicants for registration to practice psychology and psychometrics shall be required to pass a licensure examination for psychologists and psychometricians to be conducted by the Board in such places and dates, and subject to such requirements prescribed by the Commission. Section 12. Qualifications of Applicants for the Licensure Examination for Psychologists. Any person may apply to take examination for registration and licensure as a psychologist after furnishing evidence satisfactory to the Board that the applicant: (a) Is a Filipino citizen, a permanent resident or a citizen of a foreign state/country which extends reciprocity to the Philippines relative to the practice of the profession; (b) Holds at least a masters degree in psychology conferred by a university, college or school in the Philippines or abroad recognized/accredited by the CHED and has obtained sufficient credits for the subjects covered in the examinations; (c) Has undergone a minimum of two hundred (200) hours of supervised practicum/internship/clinical experience related to services enumerated in paragraph (b) of Section 3 of this Act and under the auspices of a licensed psychologist or other licensed mental health professional; (d) Is of good moral character; and (e) Has not been convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude. Section 13. Qualifications of Applicants for the Licensure Examination for Psychometricians. Any person may apply to take the examination for registration and licensure as a psychometrician by furnishing evidence satisfactory to the Board that the applicant: (a) Is a Filipino citizen, a permanent resident or a citizen of a foreign state/country which extends reciprocity to the Philippines relative to the practice of the profession; (b) Holds at least a bachelors degree in psychology conferred by a university, college or school in the Philippines or abroad recognized/accredited by the CHED and has obtained sufficient credits for the subjects covered in the examinations; (c) Is of good moral character; and (d) Has not been convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude. Section 14. Examination Subjects for Psychologists. The licensure examination for psychologists shall cover the following subjects: (a) Advanced Theories of Personality; (b) Advanced Abnormal Psychology; (c) Advanced Psychological Assessment; and (d) Psychological Counseling and Psychotherapy. Section 15. Examination Subjects for Psychometricians. The licensure examinations for psychometricians shall cover the following subjects: (a) Theories of Personality; (b) Abnormal Psychology; (c) Industrial Psychology; and (d) Psychological Assessment. The Board may recluster, rearrange, modify, add or exclude and prescribed subjects for psychologists and psychometricians as the need arises. Section 16. Registration Without Examination for Psychologists. A person who possesses the qualifications required to take the examination for registration as a psychologist pursuant to the provisions of this Act may be registered without examination: Provided, That the applicant files with the Board within three (3) years after its creation an application for registration and issuance of certificate of registration and professional identification card by submitting credentials satisfactory to the Board that the applicant had, on or prior to the effectivity of this Act, fulfilled the requirements under either subparagraphs (a), (b) or (c) herein: (a) Obtained a doctoral degree in psychology and had accumulated three (3) years of work experience in the practice of psychology; (b) Obtained a masters degree in psychology and accumulated a minimum of five (5) years of work experience in the practice of psychology; (c) Psychologists or employees who hold positions as psychologists presently employed in various government or private agencies, who have a bachelors degree in psychology, accumulated a minimum of ten (10) years of work experience in the practice of psychology as a psychologist, and who have updated their professional education in various psychology-related functions. Section 17. Registration Without Examination for Psychometricians. A person who possesses the qualifications required to take the examination for registration as a psychometrician may be registered without examination:Provided, That the applicant files with the Board within three (3) years after its creation an application for registration and issuance of a certificate of registration and professional identification card by submitting credentials satisfactory to the Board that the applicant before the effectivity of this Act had obtained a bachelors degree in psychology and had accumulated a minimum of two (2) years fu ll time work experience in the practice of psychometrics. Section 18. Ratings in the Examination. To be qualified as having passed the licensure examination for psychologists and psychometricians, a candidate must have obtained a weighted general average of at least seventy-five percent (75%) for all subjects, with no grade lower than sixty percent (60%) in any given subject. An examine who obtains a weighted general average of seventy-five percent (75%) or higher but obtains a rating below sixty percent (60%) in any given subject may retake such subjects within the next two (2) years, and upon obtaining a rating of at least seventy-five percent (75%) in each such subject, shall then be deemed to have passed the licensure examination. Section 19. Report of Ratings. The Board shall submit to the Commission an official report detailing the ratings obtained by each examine within ten (10) calendar days after the examination, unless such period is extended for just cause. ARTICLE VI REGISTRATION Section 20. Oath of Psychologists and Psychometricians. All successful examines qualified for registration and all qualified applicants for registration without examination shall be required to take an oath to uphold the profession before any member of the Board or any officer of the Commission authorized to administer oaths, prior to entering into the practice of psychology or psychometrics in the Philippines. Section 21. Issuance of Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card. A certificate of registration and professional identification card shall be issued to all successful examines and registrants without examination upon compliance with all the legal requirements, including payment of fees, prescribed by the Commission. The certificate of registration shall bear the signature of the Chairperson of the Commission and members of the Board, indicating that the person named therein is entitled to practice the profession with all the privileges and concomitant responsibilities appurtenant thereto. The said certificate shall remain in full force and effect until suspended in accordance with this Act. A professional identification card bearing the registration number, date of issuance and validity term of three (3) years, duly signed by the Chairperson of the Commission, shall likewise be issued to every registrant who has paid the prescribed registration fee. Upon expiration of the professional identification card, the psychologist and psychometrician may renew the same upon proof of compliance with continuing education requirements prescribed by the Board and/or the Commission. Section 22. Disclosure of Registration Information. The psychologist or psychomitrician shall be required to indicate his/her registration and professional identification card number and date of issuance, the duration of validity, including the professional tax receipt number on each document signed, used or issued in connection with the practice of his/her profession. Section 23. Non-issuance of Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card. The Board shall not register nor issue a certificate of registration or professional identification card to any person convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude, has been found guilty by a judicial or other duly constituted tribunal of immoral or dishonorable conduct, or has been medically diagnosed to be of unsound mind. In the event of non-issuance of the certificate for any reason, the Board shall furnish the applicant a written statement setting forth the reasons for such denial, which statement shall be incorporated to the records of the Board. Section 24. Foreign Reciprocity. No foreigner shall be admitted to the psychology or psychometrics licensure examinations unless he/she proves that the country of which he/she is a citizen either: (a) Admits Filipino citizens to the practice of psychology or psychometrics without need for registration and issuance of a certificate of registration/professional identification card; (b) Allows Filipino citizens to practice psychology or psychometrics without restriction; or (c) Allows Filipino citizens to practice the same after an examination on terms of strict and absolute equality with nationals of said country. Section 25. Practice through Special/Temporary Permit. Special/temporary permits may be issued by the Board, subject to the approval by the Commission and payment of appropriate fees, to the following persons: (a) Licensed psychologists or psychometricians from foreign countries/states who are internationally acknowledged specialists or outstanding experts in psychology or psychometrics: Provided, That their services are important and necessary either due to the lack or inadequacy of available local specialists or experts or in recognition of their potential contribution to the promotion and advancement of the practice of psychology of psychometrics through transfer of technology; (b) Licensed psychologists or psychometricians from foreign countries/states whose services shall be free and offered exclusively to indigent patients in a particular hospital, center or clinic; and (c) Licensed psychologists or psychometricians from foreign countries/states employed as exchange professors to teach psychology or psychometrics in schools, colle ges, universities offering psychology or psychometrics courses or programs. The permit shall detail the conditions thereof which shall, among other things, include the effectivity period of not more than one (1) year subject to renewal and the specific place of practice such as the clinic, hospital, center, school, college, university offering the course of psychology or psychometrics. The Board, subject to the approval by the Commission, shall prescribed rules and regulations on the implementation of this particular section. Section 26. Suspension or Revocation of Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card or Cancellation of a Special/Temporary Permit. The Board shall have the power, after notice and hearing, to suspend or revoke the certificate of registration and professional identification card or to cancel special/temporary permits granted pursuant to this Act on any ground set forth in Section 33 of this Act or any of the instances hereunder: (a) Procurement of a certificate of registration and/or professional identification card or special/temporary permit by fraud or deceit; (b) Allowing an unqualified person to advertise or to practice the profession by using ones certificate of registration or professional identification card or special/temporary permit; (c) Violating or conspiring to violate any of the provisions of this Act, its implementing rules and regulations, the code of ethics or code of professional standards promulgated hereinafter by the Board; (d) Manifest physical or mental incompetence to render psychological services with reasonable skill and safety to his/her clients/patients; (e) Professional misconduct or negligence in the performance of duties as a psychometrician; and (f) Engaging in the practice of the profession during the period of ones suspension. Section 27. Reinstatement. A psychologist or psychometrician whose certificate of registration has been revoked may apply to the Board for reinstatement at any time after two (2) years from the date of revocation of said certificate. The application shall be in writing and shall conform to requirements hereinafter prescribed by the Board. No certificate of registration or professional identification card or special/temporary permit shall be reinstated unless the Board is satisfied that a good cause exists to warrant such reinstatement. Issuance of a new certificate of registration or professional identification card or special/temporary permit in lieu of one that has been lost, destroyed or mutilated shall be subject to applicable rules prescribed by the Commission. Section 28. Appeal from Judgement. The decision of the Board shall ipso facto become final fifteen (15) days from receipt of the decision by the respondent unless an appeal has been filed with the Commission within the same period. The Commissions decision on appeal may be further appealed before the Court Appeals within fifteen (15) days from receipt thereof. Section 29. Rights of the Respondent. The respondent psychologist or psychometrician shall have the right to be represented by counsel at all stages of the proceedings as well as to speedy disposition of his/her case. He/She shall have the right to confront witnesses against him/her in addition to such other rights guaranteed by the Constitution. ARTICLE VII PRIVILEDGED COMMUNICATION AND PROFESSIONAL INTEGRATION Section 30. Rights to Privilege Communication for Psychologists and Psychometricians. A psychologists or psychometrician cannot, without the consent of the client/patient, be examined on any communication or information disclosed and/or acquired in the course of giving psychological services to such client. The protection accorded herein shall extend to all pertinent records and shall be available to the secretary, clerk or other staff of the licensed psychologist or psychometrician. Any evidence obtained in violation of this provision shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding. Section 31. Integration of the Profession. The profession shall hereinafter be integrated by consolidating all practitioners into one (1) national organization of registered and licensed psychologists and psychometricians, which shall be recognized and accredited by the Board, subject to approval of the Commission. A psychologist or psychometrician duly registered and licensed by the Board and the Commission shall automatically become a member of said organization and shall receive the benefits and privileges, as well as be subject to all responsibilities and obligations, appurtenant thereto upon payment of the required fees and dues. Membership in the integrated organization shall not be a bar to membership in any other association of psychologists and/or psychometricians.1avvphi1 Section 32. Code of Ethics and Code of Practice for Psychologists and Psychometricians. The Board shall adopt and promulgated the Code of Ethics and Code of Practice for Psychometricians prescribed and issued by the accredited professional organi zation of psychologists. ARTICLE VIII PROHIBITED ACTS, PENALTIES AND ENFORCEMENT OF THIS ACT Section 33. Prohibited Acts. (a) No person shall: (1) Engage in the professional practice of psychology or psychometrics nor represent himself/herself as a professional practicing psychologist or psychometrician without a valid certificate of registration or valid professional identification card, or a valid special/temporary permit granted by the Board pursuant to this Act; (2) Represent himself/herself to be a licensed and authorized practicing psychologist or psychometrician during the time that his/her certificate of registration has been suspended or revoked or professional identification card without being renewed, or special/temporary permit cancelled; (3) Allow any other person to use his/her certificate of registration and professional identification card or special/temporary permit for any purpose, regardless of whether such enables the unqualified individual to engage in the practice of psychology or psychometrics; (4) Use, exhibit and/or misrepresent as his/her own the certificate of registration and/or professional iden tification card or special/temporary permit of another; and (5) Give any false, inaccurate, misleading or incomplete information to the Board on order to obtain a certificate of registration or professional identification card or special/temporary permit. (b) No corporation, partnership, association or entity shall operate a psychology or psychometrics office, center, clinic or otherwise engage in the practice or allow the practice of psychology or psychometrics within its premises without securing a permit therefor from the Board. Such permit shall be issued only after the Board is satisfied that such establishment is competently staffed by a psychologist and equipped with sufficient and adequate psychology-related instruments and facilities. (c)A violation of any provision of this Act or of its implementing rules and regulations shall be penalized accordingly. Section 34. Penalties. Any person who violates any provision of this Act implementing rules and regulations shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than six (6) months but not more than three (3) years, or a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) but not more than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00), or both, at the discretion of the court. Section 35. Injunction. The Board may initiate action to enjoin, restrain, and/or prosecute any individual, corporation, association, partnership or entity engaging in the practice of psychology and psychometrics in violation of this Act. Section 36. Enforcement. It shall be the duty of all duly constituted law enforcement agencies and officers of national, provincial, city or municipal governments to uphold and enforce the provisions of this Act and to investigate and prosecute or cause the investigation and prosecution of any person violating the same. ARTICLE IX MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS Section 37. Funding Provision. The Chairperson of the Commission shall immediately hereinafter include in the Commissions programs the prompt implementation of this Act, funding of which shall be provided for in the annual General Appropriations Act. Section 38. Implementing Rules and Regulations. Within ninety (90) days after the constitution of the Board, it shall promulgated the necessary implementing rules and regulations, subject to approval of the Commission, to implement the provisions of this Act. Section 39. Separability Clause. If any provision of this Act shall at any time be found to be unconstitutional or invalid, the remainder thereof not affected by such declaration shall remain in full force and effect. Section 40. Repealing Clause. All laws, decrees, rules or regulations inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly. Section 41. Effectivity. This Act shall take effect after fifteen (15) days following its complete publi cation in two (2) newspapers of general circulation. Approved, (Sgd.) PROSPERO C. NOGRALES Speaker of the House of Representatives| (Sgd.) JUAN PONCE ENRILE President of the Senate| This Act which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 3498 and House Bill No. 6512 was finally passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives on December 14, 2009 and December 16, 2009, respectively. (Sgd.) MARILYN B. BARUA-YAP Secretary General House of Represenatives| (Sgd.) EMMA LIRIO-REYES Secretary of Senate| Approved: March 16, 2010 (Sgd.) GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO President of the Philippines The Lawphil Project Arellano Law Foundation Online Application for Registration Without Examination This facility is for the exclusive use of applicants for registration without examination and is available up to: * May 21, 2015 for Psychologists and Psychometricians * May 21, 2014 for Respiratory Therapists Please read carefully the entire instructions and information provided below so you will be guided properly on the procedures, requirements and timetables for registration without examination. 1. Before submitting an application for registration without examination, the applicant must: a. Decide what the application for registration without examination is for (whether for Psychologist or Psychometrician or both, or for Respiratory Therapist). Separate forms and payment will be required for each application. b. Determine whether applicant satisfies the qualification standards for Psychologist, Psychometrician, or Respiratory Therapist c. Determine if applicant can satisfy all the documentary requirements within 15 days from the time of online application. The documentary requirements for Psychologist, Psychometrician, or Respiratory Therapist are provided hereunder: For Psychologist 1. Original and Photocopy of Certificate of Live Birth in NSO Security Paper for Filipino citizens. In case of a foreign citizen, a copy of the law of the state or country which permits Filipino Psychologists to practice on the same basis as its subject or citizens, duly authenticated by the Philippine embassy or consulate therein. 2. Original and photocopy of Marriage Certificate in NSO security paper (for married female only) 3. Original and photocopy of Transcript of Records with scanned picture and with the Special Order Number indicated (for both undergraduate and graduate degrees). Where school is exempted from the issuance of an SO, a certificate of authentication and validation (CAV) must be secured from CHED. 4. For those who do not have a masters degree, a certified true copy of of at least 100 hours of updating seminars and workshops attended from June 2005 to June 2010 must be presented/submitted 5. Original Certificates of Practice/Work Experience(s): a. Certificate of Employment from immediate superior duly noted by either the HR Manager or Employer specifying the position title, nature of work and specific period of employment duly sworn in by the issuing authorities. Official Job Description signed by the HR Manager must be attached, and for government employees, the official service record specifying the position item must also be submitted. b. For those who are self-employed, applicant must submit the following: 1. Certificate of private practice from colleagues, professional partners and/or institutional clients, specifying the nature of work/services rendered and the duration thereof, duly sworn in and notarized under oath 2. Work contract(s), if any, and/or sworn in statement of the practitioner specifying the nature, scope and duration of project engagement or services rendered, and the regularity of service-delivery with the undertaking that documentary evidence wi ll be produced when required by the Board 3. Business permit and DTI registration 6. Three (3) Original Certificates of Good Moral Character from any of the following: school, employer, church, and/or Barangay Captain duly signed by issuing authority and notarized under oath 7. Original Certificate of Mental Health or Mental Fitness from a Psychiatrist or from a Registered/Certified Clinical Psychologist, duly signed and notarized under oath 8. Original and photocopy of valid NBI Clearance plus Ombudsman clearance for government employees 9. Two (2) colored passport-size picture with white background and complete name tag 10. Photocopy of Community Tax Certificate For Psychometrician 11. Original and Photocopy of Certificate of Live Birth in NSO security paper for Filipino citizens. In case of a foreign citizen, a copy of the law of the state or country which permits Filipino Psychometricians to practice on the same basis as its subject or citizens, duly authenticated by the Philippine embassy or consulate therein. 12. Original and photocopy of Marriage Certificate in NSO security paper (for married female only) 13. Original and photocopy of Transcript of Records for Bachelors Degree in Psychology (AB/BS) with scanned picture. Special Order Number must be indicated. Where school is exempted from the issuance of an SO, a certificate of authentication and validation (CAV) must be secured from CHED. 14. Original certificate of full-time work experience as a Psychometrician or full time work engagement in the practice of psychometrics for a minimum of 2 years, either from immediate superior (if employed) or from institutional clients, professional partners/colleagues (if on private practice), specifying the nature of work, duly sworn in and notarized under oath. Official job description must be attached. 15. Original and photocopy of valid NBI Clearance; plus Clearance from the Ombudsman for those in government service. 16. Three (3) original Certificates of Good Moral Character, from any of the following: school/former professor, employer, church, and/or Barangay Captain duly signed by issuing authority and notarized under oath 17. Two (2) colored passport-size pictures with white background and complete name tag 18. Photocopy of Community Tax Certificate For Respiratory Therapist 19. Original and photocopy of Certificate of Live Birth in NSO security paper 20. Original and photocopy of Marriage Certificate in NSO security paper (for married female only) 21. Original and photocopy of Transcript of Records (with scanned picture) indicating the Special Order (SO) number, and where the school is exempted from the issuance of an SO, a Certificate of Authentication and Validation (CAV) from the CHED 22. Original and photocopy of NBI Clearance 23. Original Ombudsman Clearance (for government employee) 24. Three (3) Certificates of Good Moral Character, preferably from school, employer, church or barangay captain, duly signed by the issuing authority and duly notarized under oath 25. Two (2) colored passport-size pictures with white background and complete name tag 26. Community Tax Certificate 27. Certificate of Employment, Service Record and Job Description: For academic practitioners: c. Certificate of Employment and Service Record duly signed under oath and sealed by the Human Resources Department d. Certification of subjects taught in the last ten (10) years duly signed under oath and sealed by the Dean of the college, or his/her equivalent, and the schools Registrar For clinical practitioners: e. Certificate of Employment and Service Record duly signed under oath and sealed by the Human Resources Department and Medical Director f. Copy of the Job Description duly signed under oath and sealed by the Human Resources Department For home care clinical practitioners: g. Certificate of Employment and Service Record duly signed under oath and sealed by the Human Resources Department and the General Manager (or his/her equivalent) h. Copy of the Job Description duly signed under oath and sealed by the Human Resources Department and the General Manager (or his/her equivalent) NOTE: For applicants working abroad, the required documents must be certified by the Philippine Overseas Labor Office near the place of work. 2. 3. As soon as applicant has ascertained (1) which registration without examination to apply for (as Psychologist, Psychometrician or both, or as Respiratory Therapist); (2) that he/she satisfies the qualification requirements; and (3) can satisfy all the documentary requirements within the time stated, the applicant is ready to proceed to submit his/her application online. 4. After receiving an acknowledgement through applicants email that the application for registration without examination has been submitted successfully together with an order form for payment, applicant must follow the steps hereunder: d. On the assigned date, applicant must go to the Customer Service Center of the nearest PRC office and secure one (1) P15 metered documentary stamp. Affix the documentary stamp on the space provided in the application form, sign it and indicate the date when the application form was accomplished. Applicant can then proceed to the cashiers window for the payment of the application/processing fee (P900.00 for each application to be processed). e. Submit a copy of the official receipt (OR) evidencing payment together with the duly accomplished application form and documents to: 1. For Psychologist and Psychometrician Window 12, Application Division at the Ground Floor of PRC Main Building 2. For Respiratory Therapist PRB Secretariat Office, 3rd Floor of PRC Main Building 3. PRC Regional Offices Submit all required documents in a clear book with the confirmation number and official notice of submission from the PRB on the first page, a table of contents on the second, the printed application form on the third page, and the rest of the documents in subsequent pages arranged according to the list provided. The application processor will conduct an initial screening of the application documents and should inform the applicant of any deficiency at this time. Applicant should receive a claim stub after initial screening is done. a. After receipt by PRC of applicants documents, he/she should wait for official notification from PRC through his/her email account. Applicant is also advised to check the PRC website regularly to check whether the application has been approved or call tel. no. 3101018 to inquire about the status of application. I have read and fully understood the instructions and I fully agree with the terms and conditions governing the Professional Regulation Commissions application for registration without examination.